A man buried in Belgium in the Upper Paleolithic era
The Aurignacian culture represents one of the early culturally and technologically sophisticated periods in prehistoric Europe, roughly dated from around 43,000 to 26,000 years ago, during the Upper Paleolithic era. It is named after the site of Aurignac in the Haute-Garonne region of France, where some of the defining artifacts of the culture were first discovered. The Aurignacian is widely recognized for its contributions to the development of prehistoric art, tool-making, and human cultural practices, marking significant advancements from earlier cultures.
Geography and Climate
The Aurignacian period coincided with a time when Europe underwent significant climatic fluctuations, including cold phases of the last Ice Age. During this time, large parts of the continent were blanketed by glacial ice, particularly in northern regions. However, areas such as Southern France, Spain, and parts of Central Europe provided more hospitable environments with open woodlands and grasslands that supported a range of megafauna. This allowed the Aurignacian people to establish themselves in various habitats across Europe, from the Iberian Peninsula to Eastern Europe and the Levant.
Society and Lifestyle
The Aurignacians were primarily hunter-gatherers, relying on a diverse diet that included large game animals such as mammoths, reindeer, bison, and horses. They employed a mobile lifestyle, moving with the seasons and animal migrations. Evidence suggests that they lived in groups that varied in size, gathering in both temporary campsites and more settled locations, depending on resources and environmental conditions.
The social structures of Aurignacian groups remain largely speculative due to the scarcity of direct evidence. However, the diversity and complexity of their tools and art suggest a society capable of knowledge transmission and cooperation.
Tool Technology
One of the defining characteristics of the Aurignacian culture is its advanced lithic (stone tool) technology, which marks a significant departure from the preceding Mousterian and Châtelperronian cultures. The Aurignacians are known for their development of blade technology, producing thinner and more refined tools through a method known as pressure flaking. This allowed them to create a variety of tools, including scrapers, burins, and points, that were used for different purposes such as hunting, skinning, and woodworking.
In addition to stone tools, the Aurignacians were also adept at working with other materials. They crafted bone, antler, and ivory into tools and ornaments, suggesting a sophisticated understanding of materials and their uses.
Art and Symbolism
Perhaps one of the most remarkable aspects of the Aurignacian culture is its contribution to the early history of art. The period is renowned for the production of some of the oldest known examples of figurative and abstract art. This includes engraved and painted cave art, as seen in sites such as the Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave in France, which features depictions of animals and possibly humans that display a high degree of stylistic sophistication and symbolic thought.
Aurignacian art also extends to portable objects. They created carved figures from ivory, such as the Venus figurines and animal carvings, which are believed to have held symbolic or ritualistic significance. The presence of personal ornaments, like beads and pendants, suggests an element of self-adornment and social identity.
Cultural Significance
The Aurignacian era represents a critical period in the Upper Paleolithic revolution, where there was a marked increase in the complexity and symbolic nature of human activities. This culture laid foundational aspects for human artistic expression and technological innovation. The spread of the Aurignacian culture across a vast geographic area suggests both a high level of adaptability to different environmental conditions and possibly the establishment of networks for the exchange of ideas and materials.
Overall, the Aurignacian period signifies a leap forward in human cognitive and cultural development, reflecting the deepening complexity of prehistoric life and the early glimmers of the behaviors that would later define advanced human societies.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (GoyetQ376-3) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (GoyetQ376-3) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample GoyetQ376-3 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
GoyetQ376-3,0.0729524,0.10123776,0.02160212,0.01031258,0.0181612,0.00104606,0.00048396,0.00237076,0.02526434,0.00642494,-0.00106094,0.00283382,-0.0063898,-0.0030006,-0.0025381,0.00178104,0.00542134,0.00157748,0.0007512,0.0027069,0.00339756,0.00212172,-0.00012602,-0.00083928,0.00014495
Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers
Modern humans have populated Europe for more than 45,000 years1,2. Our knowledge of the genetic relatedness and structure of ancient hunter-gatherers is however limited, owing to the scarceness and poor molecular preservation of human remains from that period3. Here we analyse 356 ancient hunter-gatherer genomes, including new genomic data for 116 individuals from 14 countries in western and central Eurasia, spanning between 35,000 and 5,000 years ago. We identify a genetic ancestry profile in individuals associated with Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian assemblages from western Europe that is distinct from contemporaneous groups related to this archaeological culture in central and southern Europe4, but resembles that of preceding individuals associated with the Aurignacian culture. This ancestry profile survived during the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000 to 19,000 years ago) in human populations from southwestern Europe associated with the Solutrean culture, and with the following Magdalenian culture that re-expanded northeastward after the Last Glacial Maximum. Conversely, we reveal a genetic turnover in southern Europe suggesting a local replacement of human groups around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, accompanied by a north-to-south dispersal of populations associated with the Epigravettian culture. From at least 14,000 years ago, an ancestry related to this culture spread from the south across the rest of Europe, largely replacing the Magdalenian-associated gene pool. After a period of limited admixture that spanned the beginning of the Mesolithic, we find genetic interactions between western and eastern European hunter-gatherers, who were also characterized by marked differences in phenotypically relevant variants.