A man buried in Russia in the Iron Age era
The Maikop culture, also known as the Maykop culture, is an intriguing archaeological culture that thrived in the North Caucasus region of Russia during the Early Bronze Age, roughly between 3700 and 3000 BCE. This culture is named after the region's capital, Maikop, where significant archaeological discoveries have been made. The Maikop culture is considered one of the primary candidates for the Proto-Indo-European homeland or at least part of an extensive cultural and trade network that might have contributed to the dissemination of Proto-Indo-European languages.
Geographic and Temporal Context
The Maikop culture blossomed in the Kuban River basin, extending into the Caucasus Mountains, which provided a suitable environment for its development. This region is strategically located between Europe and Asia, fostering a milieu ripe for cultural exchange and trade. The culture is set within the broader context of the steppe cultures that spread from Eastern Europe to Central Asia.
Economy and Subsistence
The economy of the Maikop culture was fundamentally agrarian, supported by a mixed subsistence strategy. They engaged in farming, with evidence of wheat and barley cultivation, and practiced animal husbandry, raising cattle, sheep, and goats. Trade played an essential role, and the Maikop culture is considered part of the ancient trade networks that connected the Eurasian steppes. The trade of fine metals, elaborate ceramics, and other goods suggests sophisticated craftsmanship and a society that valued artistic expression.
Technological and Artistic Achievements
The Maikop culture is distinguished by its early use of arsenical copper metallurgy, which marked a significant technological advancement. This development sparked a transition from stone tools and period-defining objects such as intricate metal weapons, ornaments, and tools.
Artistically, the Maikop culture is famous for its burial mounds or kurgans, which featured rich grave goods including gold and silver artifacts. Among the most notable discoveries is the Maikop kurgan itself, which contained exquisitely crafted gold and silver items, ceremonial objects, and jewelry. The artistry of these artifacts suggests highly skilled craftsmanship and a societal focus on ritual and status.
Burial Practices
The Maikop culture is particularly noted for its elaborate burial practices. The tumulus or kurgans served as graves for elite individuals, suggesting the development of social stratification. These mounds consisted of a central burial chamber that was often constructed of wood or stone, surrounded by a raised mound of earth. Inside, the deceased were often accompanied by goods that indicate belief in an afterlife.
Cultural and Linguistic Significance
Though directly linking the Maikop culture to the Proto-Indo-European language family is speculative, the culture represents a complex societal system that might have interacted with Proto-Indo-European speaking groups. Its role as a potential center for cultural exchange in this region places it in a pivotal position for understanding the spread of early Indo-European cultures.
Social Organization and Structure
The presence of opulent grave goods in certain burials suggests a hierarchy with social stratification. Power may have been concentrated in the hands of an elite class or powerful chieftains, who commanded significant resources as indicated by the wealth of their graves.
Interaction and Influence
Evidence of trade and contact between the Maikop culture and neighboring regions further underscores its role in a broader Eurasian context. While exchanges likely included tangible goods like metals and pottery, these interactions also facilitated the transfer of ideas and technologies, fostering a dynamic cultural milieu.
Legacy
The Maikop culture's enduring legacy is seen in its influence on subsequent cultures in the region and its contribution to the narrative of early human civilization in Eurasia. Its advanced metallurgy, artistic achievements, and complex societal structures provide invaluable insights into the development of early Bronze Age societies.
Overall, the Maikop culture represents a pivotal chapter in the story of early Eurasian civilizations, marked by significant technological, artistic, and social advancements that helped shape the cultural landscapes of the ancient world.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (OSS002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (OSS002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample OSS002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
OSS002,0.09223342,0.13087446,-0.04982906,-0.0551893,-0.02998618,-0.01737962,0.0015764,-0.0057309,-0.02441264,-0.00687488,0.0019218,-0.00132348,-0.0008337,0.003002,-0.00045426,-0.00393124,0.00506102,-0.00218322,-0.00182082,0.00675358,0.00409642,0.00114994,-0.00117016,-0.00058008,-0.00526255
Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions
Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian 'steppe ancestry' as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies in Eurasia. Here we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The northern Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting human movement across the mountain range during the Bronze Age. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry.