A woman buried in Armenia in the Late Bronze Age era

RISE407
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
RISE407
Date:
1118 BCE - 854 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
H8a1
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Late Bronze Age Armenia
Location
Country:
Armenia
Locality:
Norabak
Coordinates:
40.1500, 45.8600
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Late Bronze Age in Armenia, approximately spanning from 1600 to 1200 BCE, represents a significant period in the development of the region within the context of Ancient Near Eastern civilizations. This era is characterized by advances in metallurgy, trade, social organization, and culture, forming a critical bridge between the earlier cultural and technological advances of the Bronze Age and the subsequent developments in the Iron Age.

Geographical Context

Armenia during the Late Bronze Age was situated in the South Caucasus, a region characterized by its rugged terrain with mountains, valleys, and high plateaus. This geography influenced the settlement patterns, economic practices, and cultural developments of its inhabitants. The region's strategic location between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and lying along the crossroads of trade routes connecting the Mesopotamian civilizations, the Anatolian plateau, and the Iranian plateau, made it a significant area for cultural and commercial exchange.

Cultural and Societal Aspects

Armenia during this period was not a politically unified state but rather a collection of small principalities and tribal entities. These groups were organized around family units or clans, and societal structure was likely hierarchical, with leaders or chieftains wielding significant authority.

Architecture and Settlement Patterns: Settlements from this era often consisted of fortresses and large, fortified complexes constructed on hilltops or strategically defensible locations. These sites served both as administrative centers and as protection against external threats or local conflicts. The architecture shows advanced techniques, including stone construction and complex defensive walls.

Trade and Economy: The Late Bronze Age marked an era of increased trade and interaction with neighboring regions. Armenia was known for its production and export of high-quality metal goods, particularly those made from copper, bronze, and later iron. The region’s natural resources, such as its rich deposits of metal ores, were significant in fostering a thriving metallurgical economy. Trade items likely included tools, weapons, jewelry, and possibly agricultural products like wine and grain.

Technological and Artistic Developments

Armenia's contributions to metallurgy during the Late Bronze Age are particularly noteworthy. The refinement of bronze-working techniques allowed for the production of intricate and durable tools and weapons. There was also a gradual transition towards iron production, setting the stage for the subsequent Iron Age developments.

Art and Craftsmanship: The era saw advances in pottery, with the production of well-fired ceramics featuring complex designs. Artefacts such as carved stone and metalwork reflect a high degree of craftsmanship and artistic expression. These items often illustrated symbols or motifs significant to the local belief systems, which might be tied to the natural world and the pantheon of deities worshipped at the time.

Religion and Beliefs

Religious practices in Late Bronze Age Armenia involved the worship of multiple deities, likely reflecting the region's Indo-European influences. Religious sites and artifacts, such as temple structures and votive offerings, provide evidence of complex spiritual activities. Rituals possibly included offerings or sacrifices intended to gain favor from the gods, particularly in agricultural contexts or before long journeys.

Interactions and Influences

Throughout the Late Bronze Age, Armenia was influenced by and interacted with neighboring powerful civilizations, such as the Hittites, Assyrians, and the Urartians, who were rising to prominence towards the end of this period. These interactions facilitated cultural exchanges, evident in shared architectural styles, linguistic borrowings, and the adoption of certain administrative systems.

Collapse and Transition

The end of the Late Bronze Age in Armenia, around 1200 BCE, was marked by a series of transformations that were part of a larger regional phenomenon often referred to as the Bronze Age Collapse. This transition was characterized by the decline of established societies and the movement of peoples, leading to significant changes in the political and social landscapes. This period set the stage for the emergence of new cultural and political entities, such as the Urartian Kingdom, which dominated the region in the subsequent Iron Age.

In summary, Late Bronze Age Armenia was a time of significant cultural development, increased trade and interaction with neighboring regions, and technological advancements that prefigured the transformations of the Iron Age. Despite the challenges of political fragmentation and eventual transitions, the era laid important foundations for the cultural identity and historical trajectory of the Armenian people.

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RISE392 Mid-Late Bronze Sintashta 2131 BCE Stepnoe VII Cemetery, Russia View
RISE600 Iron Age 3 Russia 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE550 Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Kalmykia, Russia 3335 BCE Peshany V, Russia View
RISE507.508.merge Afanasievo Culture 3323 BCE River Kuyum, Russia View
RISE394 Mid-Late Bronze Sintashta 1953 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE386 Mid-Late Bronze Sintashta 2335 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE512 Andronovo Culture, Russia 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
I3425 Karasuk Culture, Russia 1417 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
RISE525 Mezhovskaya Culture, Russia 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE510 Afanasievo Culture 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
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RISE240 Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Kalmykia, Russia 2879 BCE Sukhaya Termista I, Russia View
RISE554 Late Bronze Age 2 Russia 1009 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE546 Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Kalmykia, Russia 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
I3423 Karasuk Culture, Russia 393 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
RISE553 Late Bronze Age 1 Russia 927 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE524 Mezhovskaya Culture, Russia 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE150 Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture, Poland 1886 BCE Przeclawice, Poland View
RISE109 Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture, Poland 1959 BCE Wojkowice, Poland View
RISE154 Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture, Poland 1930 BCE Szczepankowice, Poland View
RISE431 Corded Ware to Proto-Unetice Culture, Poland 2286 BCE Leki Male, Poland View
RISE145 Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture, Poland 2191 BCE Polwica, Poland View
RISE139 Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture, Poland 2137 BCE Chociwel, Poland View
RISE1 Corded Ware Culture, Poland 2866 BCE Oblaczkowo, Poland View
RISE595 Late Bronze Age Montenegro 1200 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
I13170 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
RISE391 Middle to Late Bronze Age Sintashta Culture, Kazakhstan 2126 BCE Tanabergen II, Kazakhstan View
RISE598 Late Bronze Age Lithuania 906 BCE Turlojiske, Lithuania View
I4139 Early Bronze Age Staro-Unetice Culture, Czech Republic 2500 BCE Velké Přílepy, Czech Republic View
I4145 Bell Beaker Culture, Czech Republic 2282 BCE Knezeves, Czech Republic View
RISE489 Chalcolithic Remedello Culture, Northern Italy 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE487 Chalcolithic Remedello Culture, Northern Italy 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE486 Early Bronze Age Remedello Culture, Northern Italy 2136 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE479 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE373 Early Bronze Age Maros Culture, Hungary 1887 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE247 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 1743 BCE Százhalombatta-Földvár, Hungary View
RISE484 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE374 Early Bronze Age Maros Culture, Hungary 1872 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE483 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE349 Early Bronze Age Maros Culture, Hungary 2034 BCE Battonya Vörös Oktober, Hungary View
RISE371 Early Bronze Age Maros Culture, Hungary 2137 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE254 Middle Bronze Age Vatya Culture, Hungary 2130 BCE Százhalombatta-Földvár, Hungary View
I4144 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2573 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
RISE446 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
RISE471 Bronze Age Germany 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE434 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 Corded Ware Culture, Germany 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
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RISE71 Late Neolithic Denmark 2197 BCE Falshöj, Denmark View
RISE47 Bronze Age Denmark 1499 BCE Sebber skole, Denmark View
RISE276 Late Bronze Age Denmark 789 BCE Trundholm II, Denmark View
RISE21 Bronze Age Denmark 1426 BCE Karlstrup, Denmark View
RISE42 Late Neolithic Denmark 2193 BCE Marbjerg, Denmark View
I4137 Early Slavic Period, Czech Republic 660 CE Brandysek, Czech Republic View
I5026 Early Slavic Period, Czech Republic 600 CE Brandysek, Czech Republic View
I3423 393 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
I3425 1417 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
I10565 2889 BCE Bateni, Russia View
I4124 2459 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I4132 2500 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I4143 2456 BCE Landau an der Isar, Germany View
I4144 2573 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
I4134 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
I4145 2282 BCE Knezeves, Czech Republic View
I4136 2800 BCE Knezeves, Czech Republic View
I5026 600 CE Brandysek, Czech Republic View
I4137 660 CE Brandysek, Czech Republic View
I4139 2500 BCE Velké Přílepy, Czech Republic View
I4130 2800 BCE Moravská Nová Ves, Czech Republic View
I13170 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
I10565 2889 BCE Bateni, Russia View
I4130 2800 BCE Moravská Nová Ves, Czech Republic View
I4136 2800 BCE Knezeves, Czech Republic View
I4124 2459 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
I4134 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt, Germany View
I4143 2456 BCE Landau an der Isar, Germany View
I4132 2500 BCE Augsburg, Germany View
RISE507.508.merge 3323 BCE River Kuyum, Russia View
RISE1 2866 BCE Oblaczkowo, Poland View
RISE21 1426 BCE Karlstrup, Denmark View
RISE42 2193 BCE Marbjerg, Denmark View
RISE47 1499 BCE Sebber skole, Denmark View
RISE61 2848 BCE Kyndelöse, Denmark View
RISE71 2197 BCE Falshöj, Denmark View
RISE94 2623 BCE Viby, Sweden View
RISE97 2030 BCE Fredriksberg, Sweden View
RISE98 2278 BCE L Beddinge 56, Sweden View
RISE109 1959 BCE Wojkowice, Poland View
RISE139 2137 BCE Chociwel, Poland View
RISE145 2191 BCE Polwica, Poland View
RISE150 1886 BCE Przeclawice, Poland View
RISE154 1930 BCE Szczepankowice, Poland View
RISE174 433 CE Oxie 7, Sweden View
RISE175 1396 BCE Abekås I, Sweden View
RISE179 2015 BCE Abekås I, Sweden View
RISE207 1495 BCE Ängamöllan, Sweden View
RISE210 1436 BCE Ängamöllan, Sweden View
RISE240 2879 BCE Sukhaya Termista I, Russia View
RISE247 1743 BCE Százhalombatta-Földvár, Hungary View
RISE254 2130 BCE Százhalombatta-Földvár, Hungary View
RISE276 789 BCE Trundholm II, Denmark View
RISE349 2034 BCE Battonya Vörös Oktober, Hungary View
RISE371 2137 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE373 1887 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE374 1872 BCE Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca), Hungary View
RISE386 2335 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE391 2126 BCE Tanabergen II, Kazakhstan View
RISE392 2131 BCE Stepnoe VII Cemetery, Russia View
RISE394 1953 BCE Bulanovo, Russia View
RISE395 2008 BCE Bol'shekaraganskii, Russia View
RISE396 1196 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE397 1049 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE407 1118 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE408 1212 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE412 1201 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
RISE413 1919 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE416 1616 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE423 1407 BCE Nerquin Getashen, Armenia View
RISE431 2286 BCE Leki Male, Poland View
RISE434 2880 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE435 2865 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE436 2869 BCE Tiefbrunn, Germany View
RISE446 2662 BCE Bergrheinfeld, Germany View
RISE471 1687 BCE Untermeitingen, Germany View
RISE479 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE480 1700 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE483 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE484 2000 BCE Erd 4, Hungary View
RISE486 2136 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE487 3485 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE489 2909 BCE Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto, Italy View
RISE493 1518 BCE Sabinka 2, Russia View
RISE495 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE496 1416 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE497 1400 BCE Arban 1, Russia View
RISE499 1400 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE500 1700 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE502 1497 BCE Bystrovka, Russia View
RISE503 1731 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE504 709 CE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE505 1862 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE510 2848 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE511 2909 BCE Bateni, Russia View
RISE512 1488 BCE Kytmanovo, Russia View
RISE523 1531 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE524 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE525 1300 BCE Kapova cave, Russia View
RISE546 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE547 2886 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE548 3300 BCE Temrta IV, Russia View
RISE550 3335 BCE Peshany V, Russia View
RISE552 2846 BCE Ulan V, Russia View
RISE553 927 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE554 1009 BCE Afontova Gora, Russia View
RISE555 2853 BCE Stalingrad Quarry, Russia View
RISE595 1200 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
RISE598 906 BCE Turlojiske, Lithuania View
RISE600 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE601 1000 BCE Verh-Uimon, Russia View
RISE602 1000 BCE Sary-Bel, Russia View
RISE492 Karasuk Culture, Russia 393 BCE Sabinka-2 (Republic of Khakassia, Beysky District), Russia View
RISE559 Bell Beaker Culture, Lech Valley, Germany 2459 BCE Augsburg (Bavaria), Germany View
RISE562 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2456 BCE Dingolfing-Landau (Bavaria, Landau an der Isar), Germany View
RISE563 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2573 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE564 Bell Beaker Culture, Germany 2500 BCE Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen), Germany View
RISE566 Bell Beaker culture 2282 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE567 Bell Beaker culture 2800 BCE Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE568 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 600 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE569 Early Slavic Culture of Bohemia 660 CE Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District), Czechia View
RISE577 Early Bronze Age Únětice Culture 2500 BCE Velké-Přílepy (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ), Czechia View
RISE586 Únětice culture 2800 BCE Moravská-Nová-Ves (South Moravian Region, Břeclav District), Czechia View
RISE596 Montenegrin Iron Age 800 BCE Velika Gruda, Montenegro View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I13948 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1267 BCE Lori Berd cemetery, Armenia View
I15732 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1439 BCE Nerkin Getashen, Armenia View
I15733 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1434 BCE Nerkin Getashen, Armenia View
I15734 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1438 BCE Nerkin Getashen, Armenia View
I15749 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Nerkin Getashen, Armenia View
I16217 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1213 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I16220 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1382 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I16537 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1115 BCE Pidjut. Znganek monument, Armenia View
I16554 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1214 BCE Tekhut Cemetery, Armenia View
I17182 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1077 BCE Keti, Armenia View
I18479 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
I19329 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1385 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
I19331 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19332 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19333 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19334 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19335 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1420 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19336 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1420 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19337 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1150 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19338 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1212 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19339 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19341 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1420 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19342 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19343 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1150 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19344 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1420 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19345 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19346 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19347 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19348 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1420 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19349 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1150 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19350 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1250 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19351 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1420 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19352 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1420 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19353 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1117 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I19354 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1203 BCE Karashamb Cemetery, Armenia View
I20439 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1012 BCE Sarukhan, Armenia View
I20440 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1263 BCE Sarukhan, Armenia View
I20441 Late Bronze Age Armenia 900 BCE Sarukhan, Armenia View
I20443 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1013 BCE Sarukhan, Armenia View
I20436 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1199 BCE Sarukhan, Armenia View
DA35 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1421 BCE Caucasus, Armenia View
DA31 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1400 BCE Caucasus, Armenia View
RISE397 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1049 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE396 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1196 BCE Kapan, Armenia View
RISE407 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1118 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE408 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1212 BCE Norabak, Armenia View
RISE412 Late Bronze Age Armenia 1201 BCE Noratus, Armenia View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE407) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Neolithic Farmers 41%
European Hunter-Gatherers 29%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 26%
Ancient Asians 4%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (RISE407) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 70%
Northern West Asian 56%
Mesopotamian 28.5%
Caucasian 28.0%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 13%
Pakistan 13.3%
Europe 30%
Southern European 15%
Balkan 10.4%
Italian 4.9%
Northwestern European 15%
English 7.7%
Northwestern European 6.6%
Finnish 0.7%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample RISE407 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

RISE407,0.11005588,0.09886042,-0.02223502,-0.00396024,-0.0277124,0.00770274,0.00882196,-0.0020428,-0.0453151,-0.02649112,-0.0039094,0.00497478,-0.01250348,0.00579766,0.00731298,-0.01163672,0.00905008,-0.00404774,-0.0022118,0.01408834,0.00526136,1.956E-05,0.00603588,-0.00323292,-0.00393578
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia
Authors:
Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG
Abstract:

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Link:
View Publication
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