Lakaton'i Anja and debated settlement chronology
Lakaton'i Anja
Stone objects and dated sediments at this northern shelter have produced competing accounts of early human presence. The disagreement shows why sample association and stratigraphic integrity matter more than a single headline date.
Landscapes, communities, institutions, and evidence
Island landscapes and connected regions
Northern limestone shelters and coastal connections offer different preservation settings. One sequence cannot establish an island-wide settlement date or the route of every arrival.
Political organization and community scale
A small excavated shelter does not identify a named early state or a language community. Neither sparse objects nor chronological disagreement can adjudicate the identity of living Malagasy people.
Later transformation, living heritage, and modern reception
Archaeological models remain revisable. The profile includes no human-remains imagery, genetic classifications, or directions to sensitive deposits.
The study used stone objects and luminescence dates to argue for mid-Holocene activity; this is an attributed interpretation.
The later OSL critique questions whether older sediment components date human activity and supports a first-millennium CE interpretation.
The radiocarbon synthesis distinguishes secure association from poorly contextualized early signals.
简洁、来源化的时间表
这些里程碑是指向点,而不是完整的历史.
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Early dates interpreted
The 2013 study's early occupation model is retained as a claim, not a settled founding date.
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Younger occupation model
The reassessment argues that the shelter's archaeological sequence can fit a substantially younger chronology.
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Stone-tool study published
Excavation and chronological evidence entered a wider debate over settlement and environmental change.
Food, craft, languages, households, and belief
本简介中命名的语言
- The reviewed objects do not establish the language of every resident or occupation phase.
语言家庭: Earlier speech unassigned; material culture is not a linguistic or genetic classification.
Dating method versus archaeological association
Small-site preservation and sampling
Competing interpretations stated explicitly
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本页使用的来源
Prefer Malagasy and Comorian heritage and research institutions, accountable archaeological projects, original studies, and official conservation records. Attribute later royal, Arabic, European, and colonial accounts by composition date, genre, audience, and viewpoint. Preliminary abstracts remain explicitly preliminary; registered sources are not institutional endorsement.
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C1
The Medinas of the Historic Sultanates of the Comoros
UNESCO World Heritage Centre · World Heritage record · Inscribed 2026; accessed 2026-10-20
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C2
Malgache
Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales · University language and literature resource · Undated; accessed 2026-10-20
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C3
Comorien
Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales · University language resource · Undated; accessed 2026-10-20
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C4
Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion
PNAS · Peer-reviewed archaeobotanical study · 2016
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C5
A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar
Kristina Douglass and colleagues; Quaternary Science Reviews · Peer-reviewed chronological synthesis · 2019
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C6
New evidence of megafaunal bone damage indicates late colonization of Madagascar
PNAS · Peer-reviewed taphonomic and archaeological study · 2018
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C7
The Comoro Islands in Indian Ocean Trade before the 19th Century
Malyn Newitt; Cahiers d'études africaines · Academic history using critically attributed external testimony · 1983
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C8
Situating Madagascar: Indian Ocean dynamics and archaeological histories
Chantal Radimilahy and Zoë Crossland; Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa · Academic archaeological and historiographical synthesis · 2015
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C9
Famille et parenté dans l'archipel des Comores
Sophie Blanchy; Journal des africanistes · Ethnographic study, not a census of earlier societies · 1992
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C10
Madagascar (Fifteenth-Sixteenth Century): The Rise of Trading Ports and Development of the Highlands
Philippe Beaujard; Cambridge University Press, The Worlds of the Indian Ocean · Academic historical synthesis · 2019
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C11
Archéologie funéraire de Vohémar : Culture matérielle et patrimonialisation
Bako Rasoarifetra; Académie Malgache · Malagasy scholarly heritage account · 2023-09-14
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C12
Comoros prepares a management and conservation plan for the Historic Sultanats of Comoros
UNESCO; Direction Générale des Arts et de la Culture of Comoros · National heritage capacity-building and conservation account · 2021
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S1
Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models
Robert E. Dewar and colleagues; PNAS · Peer-reviewed archaeological study · 2013
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S2
Was there mid Holocene habitation in Madagascar? A reconsideration of the OSL dates from Lakaton'i Anja
Antiquity; Australian National University repository · Peer-reviewed chronological reassessment · 2019
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S3
A critical review of radiocarbon dates clarifies the human settlement of Madagascar
Kristina Douglass and colleagues; Quaternary Science Reviews · Peer-reviewed chronological synthesis · 2019
Editorial review: October 20, 2026