A
Southern Lesser Antilles
Kingstown, Saint Vincent (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Local households used and reshaped objects within early colonial encounters. Material mixing does not prove population replacement. The profile concentrates on the late-sixteenth-century context and labels the early-seventeenth-century extension rather than turning it into a full plantation history.
Household architecture and colonial-encounter context
Late sixteenth-early seventeenth century CE; the post-1600 tail is explicit later context
Rescue excavation, posthole plans, pottery and European materials, critically compared colonial accounts
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Kingstown, Saint Vincent; approximate institutional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
B
Trinidad and southern connections
Siparia, southwest Trinidad (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Shell deposits and tools document repeated use of a changing lagoon landscape. The resource choices of local communities matter as much as regional movement. Ancestral remains are treated sensitively, without imagery, burial markers, or personal-origin claims.
Early settlement and environmental context
Approximately 5000-3400 BCE; dating units and later heritage events distinguished
Stratified shell midden, stone and bone tools, environmental indicators, heritage documentation
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Siparia, southwest Trinidad; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
C
Greater Antilles
Utuado, Puerto Rico (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Stone-defined spaces and carved slabs show investment in communal places. Interpretation draws on archaeological context and separately dated accounts. Modern conservation and public heritage policy are not evidence that ancient residents shared one political or biological identity.
Ceremonial landscape and heritage context
Broadly late precolonial first to early second millennium CE; principal monumental context around 1000-1500 CE
Stone-lined plazas, archaeological nomination, excavation and conservation history
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Utuado, Puerto Rico; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Arawakan context where supported; not inferred from stone designs alone
C
Greater Antilles
Matanzas, Cuba (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
An estuarine shell-matrix site preserves separate funerary episodes and intervening food-processing deposits. Its layered history challenges a single timeless Archaic community narrative. The atlas discusses chronology and evidence limits, not individual remains or genetic classifications.
Stratified settlement and funerary context
Approximately second millennium BCE-first millennium CE; earlier charcoal claims explicitly contextualized
Radiocarbon and stratigraphic study, taphonomy, regional archaeological comparison
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Matanzas, Cuba; approximate regional city orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
E
Greater Antilles
San Rafael del Yuma, eastern Dominican Republic (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Repeated construction and household space place everyday social life at the center of settlement history. Community participation in excavation is distinct from endorsement of this atlas. Architecture can illuminate relationships without making every post pattern an unquestioned house plan.
Household architecture and community context
Approximately 800-1504 CE in the archaeological monograph
Posthole sequences, household deposits, archaeological monograph, later research synthesis
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- San Rafael del Yuma, eastern Dominican Republic; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
E
Greater Antilles
Laguna Salada, northwestern Dominican Republic (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Houses, mounds, cooking, and plant processing show residents actively making landscapes. Food studies test material evidence against inherited assumptions rather than treating cassava as the only crop or one style as one people.
Household and agricultural landscape context
Approximately 900-1490 CE in the project synthesis; sampled contexts have their own dates
Field documentation, domestic starch residues, comparative shell-tool analysis
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Laguna Salada, northwestern Dominican Republic; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
E
Greater Antilles
Limonade, northern Haiti (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
A long Indigenous town history surrounds a brief European episode. Houses, food, craft, and unequal access to resources remain central. Archaeology and colonial narratives must be compared without allowing Columbus's presence to erase local people.
Settlement and colonial-encounter context
Approximately 1200-1530 CE; endpoints and La Navidad identification are approximate
Settlement archaeology, domestic materials, faunal and botanical research, situated colonial accounts
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Limonade, northern Haiti; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Arawakan context where historically supported, not a biological category
G
Northern Lesser Antilles
Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Domestic structures and food deposits anchor the site in local work, while nonlocal materials indicate wider connections. Airport development affected preservation. Differences among published date summaries remain visible rather than being flattened into a founding year.
Settlement architecture and exchange context
Approximately 230-890 calibrated CE in the jadeitite study; other summaries use broader Ceramic Age ranges
Rescue excavation, house features, survey reassessment, material-provenance study
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Oranjestad, Sint Eustatius; approximate island town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
G
Southern Lesser Antilles
Hillsborough, Carriacou (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Settlement deposits connect food, craft, and locally shaped maritime lives. Fine recovery methods reveal small animals otherwise missed, while erosion and sand extraction remove evidence. Preservation history is therefore part of understanding community history.
Settlement and environmental preservation context
Approximately 400-1400 CE in later spatial research; earlier reported ranges differ
Field report, spatial thesis, zooarchaeology and sampling analysis
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Hillsborough, Carriacou; approximate museum town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
K
Northern Lesser Antilles
The Bottom, Saba (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Separate occupations help explain changing local and inter-island relationships. Comparison must preserve the difference between early and late components rather than assigning one timeless Taíno identity to all Saban archaeology.
Settlement sequence and network context
Approximately 400-600 CE at Kelbey's Ridge 1 and fourteenth-century context at Kelbey's Ridge 2
Survey and excavation synthesis, settlement comparison, archaeological network analysis
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- The Bottom, Saba; approximate island town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
L
Southern Lesser Antilles
Gros Islet, Saint Lucia (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Domestic features, midden deposits, and sensitive funerary evidence preserve more than a ceremonial label. Rescue research responded to coastal damage. No human-remains images, precise funerary locations, or genetic ancestry conclusions are included.
Settlement and sensitive heritage context
Approximately 1000-1500 CE, with some calibrated ranges extending toward 1600
Interim rescue report, settlement and funerary archaeology, multidisciplinary research
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Gros Islet, Saint Lucia; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
M
Central Lesser Antilles
Le Moule, Guadeloupe (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Craft research asks how shell, stone, and reused pottery actually worked. Material choices and skilled practice complicate a style-only history. These studies do not license reconstruction of restricted cultural knowledge or an unsupported ethnic migration story.
Craft and archaeological classification context
Multiple precolonial Ceramic Age components; precise component dates require the excavation record
Shell and stone functional analysis, potsherd use-wear experiments, regional heritage record
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Le Moule, Guadeloupe; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
P
Bahamas and Turks and Caicos
Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Studies of cooking surfaces and shell tools reveal more varied plant preparation than a single manioc narrative. Animal evidence adds another view of human-managed landscapes, but neither a material's origin nor an isotope value establishes ancestry.
Foodways and inter-island context
Late precolonial centuries, approximately fourteenth-fifteenth centuries CE
Starch residues on griddles and shell tools, animal remains and non-genetic isotope study
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands; approximate island orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
R
Southern Caribbean islands
Willemstad, Curaçao (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Shell, stone, and other deposits connect repeated activities with water and coastal resources. The surviving record cannot establish one permanent island population or a fixed route from the mainland. Rock art and sensitive locations are not reproduced or mapped.
Early settlement and environmental context
Preceramic Holocene contexts; dated claims depend on source and calibration, not a fixed founding year
Protected heritage register, local archaeology account, regional conservation inventory
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Willemstad, Curaçao; approximate regional city orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
S
Northern Lesser Antilles
Christiansted, St. Croix (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
A long-lived bay landscape connects fishers, farmers, ceremonial gatherings, and neighboring islands. Colonial capture and removal must be included alongside exchange. Later forts and plantations belong to other periods, not the date or identity of the earliest settlement.
Settlement and colonial-encounter context
Approximately 400-1600 CE; later park research separately dated
Settlement excavation, stone-lined plaza, material networks, attributed European accounts
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Christiansted, St. Croix; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
S
Greater Antilles
Isabel Segunda, Vieques (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Research at Sorcé helped challenge simplified ceramic sequences and sparked debate about regional relationships. Collections and their documentation provide evidence of varied craft and interaction, not an ancestry certificate or a single ethnic enclave.
Material classification and exchange context
Approximately 290 BCE-1430 CE across reported site components; not one continuous cultural phase
UPR excavation history and museum collections, material classifications, bibliographic exhibition record
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Isabel Segunda, Vieques; approximate island town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
T
Southern Caribbean islands
Oranjestad, Aruba (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Post patterns support interpretations of differently sized houses and working spaces. They do not directly reveal every household's composition or status. Museum-led research and its documentation matter alongside comparisons with other islands.
Household architecture and material context
Approximately 1000-1500 CE in the structural study; component and contact-period attribution require care
Posthole and feature study, museum excavation history, monograph publication record
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Oranjestad, Aruba; approximate museum city orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
T
Bahamas and Turks and Caicos
Cockburn Town, San Salvador, Bahamas (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Plant, animal, and fuel evidence shows how residents worked within island environments. The absence of secure house-post evidence limits architectural reconstruction. A few later objects do not by themselves demonstrate a long early-colonial occupation.
Household and environmental context
Approximately 600-1160 calibrated CE in the reviewed wood study; later finds treated separately
Archaeobotany, vertebrate assemblages, wood selection, revised chronological comparison
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Cockburn Town, San Salvador, Bahamas; approximate island town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
V
Central Lesser Antilles
Le Lorrain, Martinique (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Volcanic deposits preserved parts of local settlement history, while later reoccupation and farming altered others. Domestic features and changing deposits show why a single catastrophe story or a Pompeii analogy cannot substitute for stratigraphy.
Settlement and environmental sequence context
Early centuries CE and later precolonial reoccupation; eruption chronology source-dependent
Protected-site record, 2018 preventive excavation, regional archaeological project
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Le Lorrain, Martinique; approximate regional town orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
W
Greater Antilles
Central Village, St. Catherine, Jamaica (source place-name, not an ancient self-designation)
Settlement deposits illuminate cooking, craft, and material histories while modern research examines how archaeology affects residents and heritage communities. Highway development and museum history are part of the evidence's survival, not incidental background.
Settlement and living-heritage context
Late first to early second millennium CE and early colonial context; modern heritage events separately dated
National heritage record, 2016 rescue archaeology account, community-centered heritage research
- Reference town, institution, or archaeological context
- Central Village, St. Catherine, Jamaica; approximate community orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, cultural, maritime, treaty, sovereignty, or modern national boundary. Not a burial, sacred-place, private-property, or excavation-access location.
- 语言家庭
- Unresolved for the archaeological context
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