Bangga and agropastoral households
Bangga
Houses, animal enclosures, barley, and livestock remains bring household work into the history of highland farming and herding. Multiple resources helped communities respond to environmental risk.
Highland landscapes, communities, and changing institutions
Plateau, valley, and connected regional landscapes
River valleys, fields, and pasture zones created complementary opportunities. Seasonal movements are tested rather than reconstructed as fixed routes.
Political organization and community scale
Household organization and collective productive work are visible; leadership titles and a state constitution are not attested.
Later transformation, living heritage, and modern reception
Recent animal studies refine interpretations of herding. Animal research is not a basis for human genetic classifications or personal ancestry claims.
Architecture connects living and productive spaces.
The excavators propose an agropastoral economy.
Animal evidence does not fix the initial date or single place of domestication.
A concise, sourced timeline
These milestones are orientation points, not a complete history.
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Dated livestock contexts
Reported animal dates span roughly 2670-2360 calibrated BP, not uncalibrated historical years.
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Settlement report
The excavation team published houses, production spaces, and subsistence interpretation.
Households, labor, language, belief, and material evidence
Languages named in this profile
- No directly attested local settlement language
Language family: Animal management cannot establish human language or ethnicity
Barley cultivation and herding were integrated activities, not opposing ways of life.
Dung, fodder, food preparation, and enclosure care required sustained labor.
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Sources used for this page
Prefer accountable excavation teams, heritage authorities, academic inscription editions, institutional collections, and community-linked conservation projects. Registered sources are HTTPS and exclude Wikipedia. Royal, religious, colonial, and modern national narratives require attribution.
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C1
Archaeology of the Tibetan Plateau
Anke Hein, Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Springer · Academic archaeological synthesis · 2018
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C2
Middle and Late Pleistocene Denisovan subsistence at Baishiya Karst Cave
Xia et al., Nature · Primary archaeological and proteomic study · 2024
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C3
New dating indicates intermittent human occupation of the Nwya Devu Paleolithic site on the high-altitude central Tibetan Plateau during the past 45,000 years
Ge et al., Science China Earth Sciences · Primary dating study · 2024
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C4
Comment on Permanent human occupation of the central Tibetan Plateau in the early Holocene
Zhang et al., Science · Published technical challenge to permanent-occupation interpretation · 2017
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C5
Foraging and farming: archaeobotanical and zooarchaeological evidence for Neolithic exchange on the Tibetan Plateau
Ren et al., Antiquity · Primary plant and animal remains study · 2020
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C6
Old Tibetan Documents Online
Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies · Academic manuscript and inscription editions · Texts of the seventh-twelfth centuries; current critical corpus
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C7
Early West Tibetan Buddhist Monuments
Austrian Academy of Sciences · Textual and architectural research project · Archived research project
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C8
Text, Art and Performance in Bon Ritual
University of Vienna, CIRDIS · Community-linked ritual and art research · 2012-2016 project
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C9
Preserving earthen architecture: Lessons learned from two case studies
Fuchs, Milchin and Krist, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports · Primary conservation research · 2024
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C10
The Sinja Valley Excavation in 2000 A.D.
Evans and Gibson with Acharya, Harward and Kunwar, Ancient Nepal 153; University of Cambridge archive · Primary Nepalese-Cambridge excavation report · 2003
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S1
Early agropastoral settlement and cultural change in central Tibet in the first millennium BC: excavations at Bangga
Lu et al., Antiquity · Primary settlement excavation · 2021
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S2
Evidence for early domestic yak, taurine cattle, and their hybrids on the Tibetan Plateau
Science Advances, archived by PubMed Central · Primary animal-management study; animal evidence only · 2023
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S3
Into thin air: prehistoric intensive crop management in high altitude western Tibet
Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology · Primary crop-management study with regional comparisons · 2024
Editorial review: October 19, 2026