A
Head of the Gulf of Aqaba and northern Red Sea
Aila / Ayla / Aqaba
Ports, settlement, churches, fortifications, ceramics, inscriptions, underwater remains, and an early Islamic planned town document uneven Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine, and early Islamic transformations.
Nabataean-to-early-Islamic port, urban, provincial, religious, and maritime-network context
Approximately first century BCE-700 CE for this profile, with earlier and later occupation
Urban and underwater archaeology, architecture, ceramics, inscriptions, coins, churches, fortifications, port evidence, environmental study, and attributed texts
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Aila/Ayla archaeological areas in modern Aqaba; one northern Red Sea port context, not a maritime, religious, imperial, or sovereignty boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Multiple Semitic and Indo-European written languages across changing institutions
B
Interior Oman near Ibri and Wadi al-Ayn
Bat, Al-Khutm, and Al-Ayn
A serial landscape of settlements, monumental towers, and cemeteries documents Bronze Age community organization, craft, farming, and exchange in interior Oman.
Bronze Age settlement, monumental, funerary, craft, and exchange context
Primarily third millennium BCE, with related earlier and later evidence
Architecture, tomb and settlement excavation, ceramics, metals, landscape survey, conservation records, and comparison with Mesopotamian and Gulf evidence
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Bat archaeological area within a three-part serial property; not a demonstrated capital or territorial boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Not securely recoverable from the local evidence
D
Wadi al-Qura and AlUla oasis
Dadan / Lihyan / AlUla
Settlement, monumental sculpture, tombs, sanctuaries, inscriptions, farming, and routes reveal an oasis center whose institutions and connections changed across the first millennium BCE.
First-millennium BCE oasis settlement, inscriptional, religious, political, and exchange context
Primarily first millennium BCE
Settlement archaeology, inscriptions, rock texts, tombs, sculpture, sanctuaries, ceramics, agricultural landscape, and external testimony
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Dadan archaeological site in AlUla; a major oasis context, not a boundary or capital for all northern Arabian communities
- Familia lingüística
- Semitic language evidence, with script and identity kept distinct
D
Northern and western Bahrain
Dilmun Burial Mounds / A'ali orientation
Dense cemeteries and distinctive elite mounds illuminate Bronze Age funerary labor, social differentiation, landscape use, and long-term development pressure in Bahrain.
Bronze Age funerary landscape, labor, social differentiation, and heritage-stewardship context
Primarily approximately 2200-1750 BCE
Tomb architecture, human remains, grave goods, spatial survey, chronology, conservation records, and settlement comparison
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- A'ali and the UNESCO serial burial property; a funerary orientation point, not an ethnic or territorial boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Not recoverable for most burials
D
Al-Jawf oasis basin of northern Arabia
Dumat al-Jandal / ancient Adummatu in attributed texts
Fortifications, settlement, water, inscriptions, and external imperial records place Dumat al-Jandal within changing northern Arabian oasis, pastoral, and caravan networks.
Iron Age-to-late-antique oasis settlement, fortification, inscriptional, and exchange-network context
First millennium BCE through approximately 700 CE, with earlier and later remains
Settlement archaeology, fortifications, ceramics, wells, inscriptions, rock texts, landscape survey, and attributed Assyrian, Babylonian, classical, and later sources
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Dumat al-Jandal oasis and archaeological area; a long-lived settlement point, not a tribal, route, or territorial boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Semitic language evidence with chronology, script, and identity kept distinct
F
Northern Gulf near Kuwait Bay
Failaka Island / Ikaros in Hellenistic texts
Settlements, temples, seals, inscriptions, ceramics, and coastal resources document Failaka's changing roles within Bronze Age Gulf and later Hellenistic networks.
Multi-period island settlement, sanctuary, maritime, and exchange-network context
Third millennium BCE through late antiquity, emphasizing Dilmun and Hellenistic phases
Settlement and sanctuary excavation, architecture, ceramics, seals, inscriptions, coins, shoreline study, and external textual evidence
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Failaka archaeological landscape; an island reference, not a fixed cultural, maritime, or sovereignty boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Multiple and period-specific; archives do not represent every resident
F
Interior Sharjah between the Gulf and Gulf of Oman watersheds
Jebel Faya / Faya Palaeolandscape
Stratified stone-tool, environmental, and landscape evidence documents repeated human adaptation between wetter and hyper-arid phases in southeastern Arabia.
Middle Palaeolithic-to-Neolithic archaeological, palaeoenvironmental, and dispersal context
Approximately 210,000-6,000 years ago for the inscribed landscape sequence
Stratified stone tools, sediments, geomorphology, palaeoenvironmental proxies, raw-material study, dating programs, and comparative archaeology
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Jebel Faya and its UNESCO palaeolandscape; an archaeological research landscape, not an origin or migration-route marker
- Familia lingüística
- Not recoverable from the archaeological record
H
Wadi Hadramawt, Shabwa basin, and Arabian Sea approaches
Hadramawt / Shabwa / Qana
Urban sites, temples, inscriptions, irrigation, production, and Arabian Sea ports reveal how Hadramawt institutions connected inland farming and pastoral worlds with maritime exchange.
First-millennium BCE-to-late-antique urban, oasis, port, inscriptional, and political-network context
Primarily first millennium BCE-fourth century CE
Urban and port archaeology, inscriptions, temples, ceramics, irrigation, botanical remains, landscape survey, maritime evidence, and attributed external texts
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Ancient Shabwa as the principal orientation point, with Qana as a connected port; neither defines the whole kingdom or route system
- Familia lingüística
- Old South Arabian branch of Semitic within multilingual maritime networks
H
Northern Hejaz and AlUla region
Hegra / al-Hijr / Mada'in Salih
Rock-cut tombs, inscriptions, wells, settlement remains, and routes illuminate households, elites, craft, water management, and changing Nabataean and Roman-era institutions.
Nabataean and Roman-era settlement, necropolis, inscriptional, water-management, and exchange context
Primarily first century BCE-fourth century CE
Rock-cut architecture, inscriptions, settlement excavation, ceramics, wells, water systems, coins, landscape survey, and attributed external texts
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Hegra archaeological site; a settlement and funerary context, not a boundary of Nabataean ethnicity or authority
- Familia lingüística
- Semitic language evidence within multilingual imperial networks
H
Al Ain and Jebel Hafit oasis zone
Hili and Al Ain oasis landscapes
Tombs, settlements, wells, mud-brick buildings, farms, and later aflaj document long-term community investment in water and oasis landscapes.
Neolithic-to-Iron Age oasis, settlement, burial, and water-management context
Neolithic through Iron Age, with principal Bronze and Iron Age evidence
Settlement and funerary archaeology, architecture, ceramics, wells, irrigation channels, environmental study, conservation records, and regional comparison
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Hili Archaeological Park within the serial Al Ain property; an orientation point, not an ethnic or territorial center
- Familia lingüística
- Not securely recoverable for the prehistoric contexts
H
Yemeni highlands around Zafar
Himyar / Zafar (Dhafar)
Settlement, palace and temple remains, tombs, inscriptions, dams, terraces, and regional evidence illuminate political consolidation, farming, diplomacy, and religious change.
Late first-millennium BCE-to-sixth-century CE highland urban, inscriptional, religious, water-management, and imperial context
Primarily late first millennium BCE-sixth century CE
Urban archaeology, inscriptions, architecture, tombs, sculpture, dams, terraces, coins, external diplomatic and religious texts, and regional survey
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Zafar archaeological and water-management landscape; a royal center, not a permanent border or capital of every Himyarite subject
- Familia lingüística
- Semitic language evidence across multilingual political and religious networks
K
Dhofar coast and Wadi Darbat outlet
Khor Rori / Sumhuram
A lagoon port, fortifications, houses, temples, inscriptions, ceramics, and the wider frankincense landscape reveal local production, labor, seafaring, and long-distance exchange.
Late first-millennium BCE-to-late-antique port, settlement, inscriptional, aromatic-production, and maritime-network context
Primarily approximately third century BCE-fifth century CE
Port and settlement excavation, architecture, inscriptions, ceramics, botanical evidence, lagoon geomorphology, maritime study, and comparative texts
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Sumhuram at Khor Rori within the Land of Frankincense; a port reference, not a route, polity, or cultural boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Semitic inscriptional evidence within Indian Ocean multilingual networks
M
Western Abu Dhabi islands and southern Gulf coast
Marawah Island / MR11
Stone buildings, food remains, tools, and imported materials illuminate Neolithic households that combined marine resources, herding, craft, and Gulf connections.
Neolithic island settlement, household, subsistence, and maritime-network context
Primarily sixth to fifth millennia BCE
Architecture, radiocarbon dating, faunal and botanical remains, shell, stone tools, ceramics, beads, and regional comparison
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- MR11 archaeological site on Marawah Island; one protected settlement context rather than a capital or territorial marker
- Familia lingüística
- Not recoverable from the archaeological record
M
Wadi al-Jawf of northern Yemen
Ma'in / Qarnawu
Urban remains, walls, temples, inscriptions, agriculture, and exchange connections document Ma'in institutions and communities in Yemen's Jawf region.
First-millennium BCE urban, oasis, inscriptional, religious, and political-formation context
Primarily first millennium BCE
Urban architecture, walls, temples, inscriptions, ceramics, agricultural landscape, survey, and comparative South Arabian evidence
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Qarnawu/Ma'in archaeological site; a principal polity center, not an ethnic, linguistic, or territorial boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Old South Arabian branch of Semitic; inscriptions are not a census of identity
M
Sharjah interior and Umm al-Quwain coast
Mleiha and ed-Dur
Inland Mleiha and coastal ed-Dur connect farms, graves, craft, coinage, writing, ports, and desert mobility within late pre-Islamic eastern Arabian networks.
Late first-millennium BCE-to-late-antique inland-coastal settlement, burial, craft, coinage, and exchange context
Primarily third century BCE-third century CE
Settlement and cemetery excavation, architecture, ceramics, coins, inscriptions, metals, glass, faunal remains, wells, agriculture, and coastal comparison
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Mleiha archaeological site as an inland orientation paired with ed-Dur; neither point defines a polity or cultural boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Semitic language evidence within multilingual Gulf networks
Q
Northern Bahrain coast
Qal'at al-Bahrain
A deeply stratified tell preserves settlement, harbor, craft, administrative, religious, and later fortification evidence within long-lived Gulf networks.
Bronze Age-to-Islamic-period urban, harbor, administrative, craft, and exchange context
Approximately 2300 BCE through the early modern period, emphasizing Bronze and Iron Age Dilmun phases
Tell stratigraphy, architecture, ceramics, seals, inscriptions, weights, harbor evidence, environmental study, and Mesopotamian textual comparison
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Qal'at al-Bahrain archaeological tell and harbor; a major site, not the boundary or sole center of every Dilmun context
- Familia lingüística
- Multilingual and uncertain local context; surviving writing is institutionally selective
Q
Tuwaiq escarpment and Empty Quarter margin
Qaryat al-Faw / al-Faw
A desert-edge city, market, sanctuaries, houses, tombs, inscriptions, and agricultural systems document local production and political networks at a major crossroads.
Late first-millennium BCE-to-late-antique urban, oasis, inscriptional, religious, and political-network context
Primarily approximately first century BCE-fourth century CE
Urban excavation, architecture, inscriptions, rock art, sculpture, coins, ceramics, wells, agriculture, tombs, and route landscape
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Al-Faw archaeological area; an urban and cultural-landscape reference, not a Kinda ethnic or territorial boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Semitic language evidence within multilingual exchange; language does not equal ethnicity
Q
Bayhan valley of southern Yemen
Qataban / Timna
City walls, gates, temples, houses, inscriptions, agriculture, and nearby routes illuminate Timna's households, cult institutions, rulers, and exchange relationships.
First-millennium BCE urban, oasis, inscriptional, religious, and kingdom context
Primarily first millennium BCE-first centuries CE
Urban excavation, architecture, inscriptions, sculpture, ceramics, coins, agricultural landscape, route study, and regional comparison
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Timna archaeological site; a major Qataban context, not an ethnic, modern tribal, or territorial boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Old South Arabian branch of Semitic; written affiliation does not equal population identity
R
Eastern Omani coast at the Arabian Sea
Ras al-Jinz / Ra's al-Jinz
Buildings, ceramics, copper-related evidence, seal impressions, and coastal resources place Ras al-Jinz within third-millennium maritime connections linking Oman, the Gulf, and South Asia.
Bronze Age coastal settlement, maritime, craft, and exchange-network context
Primarily late fourth through third millennia BCE
Settlement excavation, architecture, ceramics, copper objects, seal impressions, botanical and faunal remains, coastal geomorphology, and comparative textual evidence
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Ras al-Jinz archaeological site; a coastal settlement reference, not a mapped Magan capital or maritime boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Not securely recoverable from the archaeological record
S
Marib basin and Wadi Dhana
Saba / ancient Marib
Temples, inscriptions, settlement, the great dam system, canals, fields, and surrounding sites reveal political authority grounded in irrigated agriculture, labor, and regional exchange.
First-millennium BCE oasis, irrigation, urban, inscriptional, religious, and kingdom context
Primarily first millennium BCE-first centuries CE, with later irrigation history
Architecture, irrigation works, inscriptions, temples, settlement survey, ceramics, environmental study, conservation records, and attributed external texts
- Yacimiento de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Ancient Marib and its oasis monuments; a principal Sabaean context, not a permanent political, ethnic, or territorial boundary
- Familia lingüística
- Old South Arabian branch of Semitic; written language does not define every resident
Ningún perfil coincide con estos filtros
Prueba un lugar, nombre de contexto arqueológico, de oasis, costero, marítimo, de asentamiento, político o de patrimonio vivo o familia lingüística más general.
