A
Southern Pampas
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Open-air deposits preserve evidence of activity involving extinct animals and later uses of the same place. Dating depends on samples and association rather than the assumption that every object in a layer is contemporary.
Early occupation and dating context
Late Pleistocene and later Holocene episodes; approximately 14,000 calibrated years BP in the 2016 interpretation
Animal-bone modification, stone tools, stratigraphy and AMS radiocarbon dating.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Tres Arroyos public town orientation, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
C
Pampean grasslands
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
A giant-sloth processing context links skilled tool use with an important chronological revision. The site's history shows why old dates cannot be repeated without checking later analyses.
Animal processing and chronological-revision context
Late Pleistocene processing context; approximately 12,600 calibrated years BP in the 2019 study
Stone-tool technology, modified giant-sloth bones, radiocarbon sample treatment and taphonomy.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Olavarría public town orientation, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
C
Western Santa Cruz highlands
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
A shelter sequence preserves animal activity and human work alongside unusually informative wood. Sample comparison prevents a simple story in which all surviving animals and artifacts belong to one occupation.
Shelter sequence and plant-work context
Pleistocene–Holocene transition and Holocene episodes; dated samples differ
Radiocarbon series, animal remains, wooden artifacts and growth-ring or bark observations.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Gobernador Gregores public town orientation, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
C
Tandilia hills
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
An open hilltop assemblage supports research on tool maintenance and connections among places. Different explanations for breakage and concentrations need testing rather than automatic ethnic assignment.
Lithic technology and landscape context
Pleistocene–Holocene transition; dated assemblages and interpretations distinguished
Stone-tool breakage, reduction sequences, raw materials and radiocarbon comparisons.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Lobería public town orientation, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
C
Uruguayan grasslands
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Granite outcrops preserve painted and engraved expressions within a worked grassland landscape. Protection involves institutions and local land relationships, not an empty outdoor gallery.
Rock-art and living-heritage context
Precolonial rock-art contexts of uncertain image-specific date; modern protection separately dated
Painted and engraved rock surfaces, landscape surveys and conservation documentation.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Trinidad public town orientation, Flores, Uruguay. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
C
Río Pinturas basin
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Painted hands, animals and other motifs form a long-lived visual landscape. Conservation research and local participation matter alongside chronology, with no atlas images or sensitive panel locations supplied.
Rock-art and conservation context
Holocene painting and occupation sequences; approximately ninth millennium BCE onward in heritage interpretation
Rock-art sequences, archaeological contexts and conservation histories.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Perito Moreno public town orientation, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
E
Northern Patagonian lake region
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
A long shelter record connects changing animal use and forest-lake environments. The landscape's glacial history and the chronology of people's visits are related but different archives.
Lake and forest occupation context
Pleistocene–Holocene transition and later Holocene; approximately 10,600 years BP in the institutional account, not silently calibrated
Stratified shelter deposits, fauna, environmental records and regional subsistence studies.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- San Carlos de Bariloche public town orientation, Río Negro, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
F
Southern mainland Patagonia
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Successive excavations and revisited animal collections show how a well-known sequence can change through renewed study. Named research phases are not a simple ethnic succession.
Shelter sequence and collection-reassessment context
Late Pleistocene and Holocene components; chronology and deposit separation remain debated
Excavated stratigraphy, faunal collections, stone tools and reassessment of rockfall interpretation.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- San Gregorio public service-town orientation, Magallanes, Chile. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
I
Beagle Channel
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Wood and fire evidence illuminate work often obscured by shell and animal assemblages. Different occupation layers require separate interpretations of coastal adaptation and resource use.
Coastal stratigraphy and plant-work context
Early and later Holocene contexts; basal layer S distinct from later shell deposits
Charcoal anatomy, combustion features, lithic material, stratigraphy and shoreline reconstruction.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Tolhuin public town orientation, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, distant from the coastal deposit. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
L
Laguna Merín-connected wetlands
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Mounded settlements and plant evidence reveal locally varied food production and communal work. Competing construction models make the history more complex than a contrast between mobile foragers and farming states.
Wetland settlement and food-production context
Mid- to late Holocene; approximately 4190 radiocarbon years BP and later ceramic phases in the cited models
Mound construction, settlement layout, pollen, phytoliths, starch and luminescence models.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Rocha public town orientation, Uruguay. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
L
Deseado massif
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Cave occupations and renewed study of images document different uses of a landscape. Models of early settlement and social memory remain interpretations rather than a direct origin story for living peoples.
Cave sequence and rock-art context
Late Pleistocene through Holocene episodes; occupation and painted-image histories kept distinct
Stratified occupations, lithic materials, animal remains and rock-art comparison.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Las Heras public town orientation, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
L
Upper Paraná Delta
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Vessel production and plant remains place household skills alongside constructed riverine landscapes. Mounds do not automatically indicate one capital, state or ethnic territory.
Riverine mound and craft context
Late Holocene; approximately 1030–560 years BP in the ceramic study, with dating convention retained
Ceramic petrography, botanical macroremains, mound architecture and regional comparison.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Victoria public town orientation, Entre Ríos, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
P
Pali Aike volcanic field
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Volcanic-field communities used varied places across changing environments. Comparing site-formation studies requires retaining each locality's name and history rather than combining all finds into one people.
Volcanic landscape and evidence-formation context
Late Pleistocene and Holocene regional contexts; site histories remain separate
Shelter deposits, regional excavation history and comparative geoarchaeology.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Punta Arenas public institutional orientation, Magallanes, Chile, distant from cave and burial contexts. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
P
Quequén river grasslands
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Open-air deposits connect activity involving large animals with changing floodplain environments. Chronology and sample association matter as much as the presence of an extinct species.
Open-air occupation and environmental context
Late Pleistocene–early Holocene transition; approximately 10,400 radiocarbon years BP in the 2005 account, not calibrated calendar years
Animal remains, AMS dating, sedimentary context, pollen and silica microfossils.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Necochea public town orientation, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
P
Deseado plateau
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Different depositional components reveal repeated uses of a plateau locality. Updated dating and taphonomic studies qualify how animals, people and sediments contributed to the surviving evidence.
Early occupation and taphonomic context
Late Pleistocene and middle Holocene components; dates remain sample- and calibration-specific
Stratified deposits, radiocarbon series, faunal taphonomy and stone tools.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Jaramillo public town orientation, Santa Cruz, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
P
Northern Chilean Patagonia
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
A proposed human trace was analyzed alongside sediment properties and associated material. New reports from other deposits require separate dating and cannot be used to backdate people.
Footprint and sedimentary-interpretation context
Late Pleistocene human-presence interpretation; much older proposed animal traces are separate
Sedimentary traces, experimental trackmaking, radiocarbon dating, plants, fauna and lithics.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Osorno public town orientation, Los Lagos, Chile. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
P
Chiloé archipelago
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
An island context connects working stone with varied food resources. Provenance analysis shows where some materials originated, not the ethnicity of their users or one compulsory migration route.
Island occupation and material-provenance context
Middle Holocene and later contexts; reported radiocarbon and calibrated ages remain distinct
Lithics, marine and terrestrial remains, radiocarbon contexts and obsidian geochemistry.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Ancud public museum-town orientation, Los Lagos, Chile. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
S
Carcarañá–Paraná-connected riverlands
Sancti Spiritus (recorded colonial fort name, not a self-designation for every local community)
An Indigenous settlement preceded the short-lived Spanish fort. Material studies reveal unequal encounters and local action, not one-way civilization or the disappearance of communities after the fort's end.
Early colonial and local-agency context
Fifteenth–sixteenth-century local contexts and the 1527–1529 fort; modern excavations separately dated
Indigenous ceramics, superimposed structures, excavation records and critically contextualized documentary interpretations.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Puerto Gaboto public town orientation, Santa Fe, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
T
Northern Tierra del Fuego
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Early and later components document changing uses of a shelter. Fire residues, small animals and manufacturing debris require different analytical questions and cannot be treated as one occupation.
Shelter, hearth, and tool-production context
Pleistocene–Holocene transition and late Holocene components; gaps retained
Hearth charcoal, stratified fauna, rodent taphonomy and bifacial-tool manufacture.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Porvenir public town orientation, Magallanes, Chile. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
T
Beagle Channel
No securely recorded ancient self-designation is established for this archaeological context.
Early visits and later coastal work belong to different phases of a changing shoreline. Marine and terrestrial foods can be studied together without assigning every resident one timeless identity.
Coastal occupation and subsistence context
Early through later Holocene components, with pretransgression occupations and later maritime contexts distinguished
Basal stratigraphy, changing shorelines, animal processing and analysis of notched or grooved stones.
- Localidad de referencia o contexto arqueológico
- Ushuaia public town orientation, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Approximate public orientation only, never a territorial, ethnic, linguistic, political, cultural or sovereignty boundary. Not a burial, ancestral-remains, restricted rock-art, sacred-site or private deposit location; no access, excavation or collecting permission is implied.
- Familia lingüística
- Material styles and site names do not establish language families or a single community identity.
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