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The human skull from the siege of La Loma (Santibáñez de la Peña, Palencia, Spain)

Santiago David Domínguez-Solera, Jesús Francisco Torres-Martínez, Silvia Carnicero et al.

7 Authors
2025-11-11 Published
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Chapter I

Publication Details

Comprehensive information about this research publication

Authors

SD
Santiago David Domínguez-Solera
JF
Jesús Francisco Torres-Martínez
SC
Silvia Carnicero
ÍO
Íñigo Olalde
DR
David Reich
SM
Swapan Mallick
NR
Nadin Rohland
Chapter II

Abstract

Summary of the research findings

This paper presents an analysis of the decapitated head found in 2020 under the collapsed wall of the Cantabrian oppidum of La Loma. This settlement was besieged and destroyed by the Roman Army during the Cantabrian Wars (29–16 BCE), either towards the end of the military campaign directed by Octavius Augustus (26 BC) himself, or during the subsequent campaign, commanded by Gaius Antistius Vetus (26–24 BCE). Radiocarbon dating, taphonomical and anthropological analysis, and DNA analysis assign the skull to one of the defenders of the hillfort. This man’s head would have been exposed on the walls as a symbol of victory before they were razed to prevent reoccupation of the settlement.

Chapter III

Analysis

Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings

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Summary

Key Findings

Ancestry Insights

Traits Analysis

Historical Context

Scientific Assessment