Research Publication
Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean
Antonio ML, Gao Z, Moots HM et al.
31699931
PubMed ID
39
Authors
11/08/2019
Published
142
Samples
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Chapter I
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Chapter II
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
Ancient Rome was the capital of an empire of ~70 million inhabitants, but little is known about the genetics of ancient Romans. Here we present 127 genomes from 29 archaeological sites in and around Rome, spanning the past 12,000 years. We observe two major prehistoric ancestry transitions: one with the introduction of farming and another prior to the Iron Age. By the founding of Rome, the genetic composition of the region approximated that of modern Mediterranean populations. During the Imperial period, Rome's population received net immigration from the Near East, followed by an increase in genetic contributions from Europe. These ancestry shifts mirrored the geopolitical affiliations of Rome and were accompanied by marked interindividual diversity, reflecting gene flow from across the Mediterranean, Europe, and North Africa.
Chapter III
Ancient DNA Samples
142 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
142 Samples
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1014 | 5214 BCE | Italy | Monte San Biagio | M | N1a1a1a3 |
H-SK1180 |
| R4 | 2906 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | M | K1-a4l |
G-F991 |
| R5 | 2905 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | F | D4 |
|
| R1014 | 5214 BCE | Italy | Monte San Biagio | M | N1a1a1a3 |
|
| R22 | 2015 BCE | Italy | Sardinia. Su Crocefissu | F | HV0a |
|
| R27 | 3500 BCE | Italy | Sardinia. Su Crocefissu | M | H1e1a |
I-FTA1525 |
| R29 | 3500 BCE | Italy | Sardinia. Su Crocefissu | M | J2b1a |
G-PF3378 |
| R25 | 2204 BCE | Italy | Su Crucifissu Mannu (Sardinia, Sassari, Porto Torres) | F | J1c3 |
|
| R26 | 2468 BCE | Italy | Su Crucifissu Mannu (Sardinia, Sassari, Porto Torres) | M | H1j9 |
I-Y7240 |
| R28 | 2296 BCE | Italy | Su Crucifissu Mannu (Sardinia, Sassari, Porto Torres) | F | K1a+195 |
|
| R7 | 9107 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza (Abruzzo, L'Aquila) | M | U5b1+16189+@16192 |
I-M223 |
| R11 | 9999 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza (Abruzzo, L'Aquila) | M | U5b1+16189+@16192 |
I-S2555 |
| R15 | 7312 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza (Abruzzo, L'Aquila) | M | U5b3 |
I-M223 |
| R66 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | M | T2 |
R-P267 |
| R67 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | F | M |
|
| R68 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | M | U7a4a1a |
J-Z40083 |
| R69 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | F | X2l |
|
| R70 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | M | T1a* |
G-L140 |
| R71 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | F | H5-b |
|
| R72 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | F | T |
|
| R73 | 100 CE | Italy | ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strada) | F | J2a1a1a |
|
| R128 | 1 CE | Italy | Casale del dolce | M | HV-b |
J-Y79665 |
| R123 | 124 CE | Italy | Casale del dolce | M | T2a1b |
R-BY13762 |
| R125 | 1 CE | Italy | Casale del dolce | F | T2k |
|
| R126 | 242 CE | Italy | Casale del dolce | F | U6a7c1 |
|
| R47 | 241 CE | Italy | Centocelle | M | J1c1c* |
G-S11415 |
| R49 | 1 CE | Italy | Centocelle | F | H1u |
|
| R50 | 211 CE | Italy | Centocelle | M | H5 |
J-Y134209 |
| R51 | 1 CE | Italy | Centocelle | F | U3b1 |
|
| R835 | 27 BCE | Italy | Civitanova Marche | M | H2a5 |
J-ZS241 |
| R836 | 27 BCE | Italy | Civitanova Marche | F | H5n |
|
| R40 | 1 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | K1a4a |
|
| R41 | 1 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | H5a1 |
|
| R42 | 26 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | U1a1 |
|
| R43 | 1 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | H7f |
|
| R44 | 1 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | M | T2* |
J-Y62573 |
| R45 | 1 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | U3b1 |
|
| R37 | 1 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | HV |
|
| R38 | 1 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | T2d2 |
|
| R39 | 81 CE | Italy | Isola Sacra | F | J2b1c1 |
|
| R132 | 215 CE | Italy | Marcellino & Pietro | M | R0a2j2* |
G-Z6434 |
| R1543 | 1 CE | Italy | Mazzano Romano | M | H1e |
T-CTS5299 |
| R1544 | 1 CE | Italy | Mazzano Romano | F | J1c |
|
| R1545 | 1 CE | Italy | Mazzano Romano | M | H8c |
G-Z6759 |
| R1547 | 27 BCE | Italy | Monterotondo | M | K1a7 |
J-FGC15940 |
| R1548 | 27 BCE | Italy | Monterotondo | M | H2a |
R-YP5938 |
| R1549 | 27 BCE | Italy | Monterotondo | M | U5b2b3-a1* |
J-ZS4307 |
| R1550 | 27 BCE | Italy | Monterotondo | M | T2c1c |
J-Z6264 |
| R1551 | 76 CE | Italy | Monterotondo | M | H |
J-Y139254 |
| R436 | 1 CE | Italy | Palestrina Antina | F | U5b3a |
|
| R131 | 1 CE | Italy | Via Paisiello (Necropoli Salaria) | M | T1a12 |
G-L14 |
| R111 | 1 CE | Italy | Via Paisiello (Necropoli Salaria) | M | H |
R-CTS116 |
| R113 | 1 CE | Italy | Via Paisiello (Necropoli Salaria) | M | H26a1 |
E-BY8537 |
| R114 | 1 CE | Italy | Via Paisiello (Necropoli Salaria) | F | U1b1 |
|
| R115 | 1 CE | Italy | Via Paisiello (Necropoli Salaria) | M | U4 |
J-PH1757 |
| R116 | 1 CE | Italy | Via Paisiello (Necropoli Salaria) | M | U3a2c* |
J-Z631 |
| R75 | 1 CE | Italy | Viale Rossini (Necropoli Salaria) | F | H14a |
|
| R76 | 1 CE | Italy | Viale Rossini (Necropoli Salaria) | M | T2c1a |
J-PH1222 |
| R78 | 1 CE | Italy | Viale Rossini (Necropoli Salaria) | F | D4j11 |
|
| R80 | 27 CE | Italy | Viale Rossini (Necropoli Salaria) | F | U6a5 |
|
| R81 | 1 CE | Italy | Viale Rossini (Necropoli Salaria) | M | K1b1c |
J-BY2174 |
| R850 | 800 BCE | Italy | Ardea | M | T2c1f |
T-L208 |
| R851 | 800 BCE | Italy | Ardea | M | H2a |
R-FGC29470 |
| R1021 | 700 BCE | Italy | Boville Ernica | M | U4a1a |
R-Z29840 |
| R1016 | 900 BCE | Italy | Castel di Decima | M | H1aj1a |
R-Z2103 |
| R473 | 700 BCE | Italy | Civitavecchia | F | U5a1 |
|
| R474 | 700 BCE | Italy | Civitavecchia | M | H |
J-Y45181 |
| R475 | 700 BCE | Italy | Civitavecchia | F | T2b32 |
|
| R1 | 963 BCE | Italy | Martinsicuro | F | F |
|
| R435 | 600 BCE | Italy | Palestrina Colombella | M | H11a* |
R-BY3951 |
| R437 | 400 BCE | Italy | Palestrina Selciata | M | H10* |
R-PR5365 |
| R1015 | 900 BCE | Italy | Veio Grotta Gramiccia | F | K1a4 |
|
| SUC004 | 2296 BCE | Italy | Porto Torres. SAS. Su Crucifissu Mannu. t.16 | F | K1a-a4 |
|
| SUC006 | 2468 BCE | Italy | Porto Torres. SAS. Su Crucifissu Mannu. t.16 | M | H1av |
I-Y7240 |
| SUC002 | 2204 BCE | Italy | Sardinia. Porto Torres. SAS. Su Crucifissu Mannu. t.16 | F | J1c3 |
|
| R35 | 400 CE | Italy | Celio | F | H32 |
|
| R36 | 400 CE | Italy | Celio | M | T1a1 |
R-BY3951 |
| R110 | 400 CE | Italy | Crypta Balbi | M | H1e |
I-BY1933 |
| R104 | 601 CE | Italy | Crypta Balbi | M | U5b3a1a |
I-M26 |
| R105 | 400 CE | Italy | Crypta Balbi | M | T1a26* |
J-FGC12836 |
| R106 | 400 CE | Italy | Crypta Balbi | F | J2a1a1a2 |
|
| R107 | 400 CE | Italy | Crypta Balbi | M | T2h* |
E-Y19527 |
| R108 | 400 CE | Italy | Crypta Balbi | M | T2b-a* |
G-S1786 |
| R109 | 400 CE | Italy | Crypta Balbi | F | H1ba |
|
| R133 | 300 CE | Italy | Marcellino & Pietro | F | HV1a3 |
|
| R134 | 300 CE | Italy | Marcellino & Pietro | F | K1a4c1 |
|
| R136 | 300 CE | Italy | Marcellino & Pietro | M | T2d2 |
J-BY242 |
| R137 | 300 CE | Italy | Marcellino & Pietro | F | U5b2a1a |
|
| R130 | 300 CE | Italy | Marcellino & Pietro | M | H7k2a* |
J-ZS2723 |
| R30 | 300 CE | Italy | Mausoleo di Augusto | M | L4a2 |
G-L140 |
| R31 | 261 CE | Italy | Mausoleo di Augusto | M | K1c1* |
R-BY3448 |
| R32 | 300 CE | Italy | Mausoleo di Augusto | M | H2a1 |
I-S12195 |
| R33 | 300 CE | Italy | Mausoleo di Augusto | M | K1a1* |
R-DF110 |
| R34 | 300 CE | Italy | Mausoleo di Augusto | M | H-e1 |
J-FTA2750 |
| R122 | 400 CE | Italy | San Ercolano | F | J1c-a |
|
| R117 | 400 CE | Italy | San Ercolano | M | T2b25a* |
J-BY61864 |
| R118 | 400 CE | Italy | San Ercolano | M | H1e1a |
H-Z19049 |
| R120 | 400 CE | Italy | San Ercolano | M | I1c |
T-Y6055 |
| R121 | 400 CE | Italy | San Ercolano | F | H17 |
|
| R1220 | 1480 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | T2 |
R-PH2781 |
| R1221 | 1480 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | H1e2* |
J-Z32056 |
| R1224 | 1480 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | T2b4f* |
G-S18765 |
| R1219 | 1421 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | H11a |
E-BY6250 |
| R1283 | 772 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | H12* |
J-PF7321 |
| R1285 | 978 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | T2c1a-b3a |
C-V222 |
| R1286 | 1409 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | H1g1 |
I-FT151924 |
| R1287 | 1350 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | M | T2b44* |
R-PF6694 |
| R1288 | 1350 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | F | I3a1 |
|
| R1289 | 1350 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | F | K1a4a1 |
|
| R1290 | 1299 CE | Italy | Cancelleria | F | H1c3a |
|
| R969 | 1600 CE | Italy | Tivoli Palazzo Cianti | M | U5b3a2b |
J-Z28598 |
| R970 | 1600 CE | Italy | Tivoli Palazzo Cianti | M | J1b3 |
J-Z435 |
| R973 | 1600 CE | Italy | Tivoli Palazzo Cianti | F | HV-b |
|
| R60 | 820 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | F | M4″67 |
|
| R61 | 1280 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | HV |
R-CTS6889 |
| R62 | 1130 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | F | HV0a |
|
| R63 | 970 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | K1a2a |
I-A2293 |
| R64 | 1070 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | HV0a |
G-PF3230 |
| R65 | 1070 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | F | T2b |
|
| R52 | 1280 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | T1a1 |
G-PF3230 |
| R53 | 1280 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | U2e1c1b |
E-BY103690 |
| R54 | 1280 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | H4a1 |
J-Y23094 |
| R55 | 1280 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | J2b1a |
G-FGC8354 |
| R56 | 1280 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | F | U5b3f |
|
| R57 | 1280 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | F | I1a1a3 |
|
| R58 | 700 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | H1c3e* |
R-BY12484 |
| R59 | 820 CE | Italy | Villa Magna | M | N1b1a9 |
E-Y21919 |
| I26770 | 9107 BCE | Italy | Abruzzo. Grotta de Continenza | M | |
|
| I26772 | 7312 BCE | Italy | Abruzzo. Grotta de Continenza | M | |
|
| I26771 | 9999 BCE | Italy | Abruzzo. Grotta de Continenza | M | |
|
| R10 | 5721 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | F | H |
|
| R2 | 6068 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | F | K1a2 |
|
| R3 | 5831 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | F | H5a1 |
|
| R9 | 5611 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | M | K1a4a1 |
G-BY96398 |
| R8 | 5830 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | F | K1a3 |
|
| R6 | 5318 BCE | Italy | Grotta Continenza | M | K1-a |
R-FGC21027 |
| R16 | 5309 BCE | Italy | Ripabianca di Monterado | F | U5b2b3 |
|
| R17 | 5323 BCE | Italy | Ripabianca di Monterado | M | U8b1b |
J-Y29673 |
| R18 | 5461 BCE | Italy | Ripabianca di Monterado | F | H2a |
|
| I16762 | 5356 BCE | Italy | Ripabianca di Monterado | M | U5b3a1* |
J-BY1096 |
| R24 | 3599 BCE | Italy | Sardinia. Su Crocefissu | F | N1a1b1 |
|
| R19 | 5356 BCE | Italy | Ripabianca di Monterado (Centro, Marche, Ancona) | M | U5b3a1 |
J-FGC21348 |
Chapter IV
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
Important Disclaimer: This review has been performed semi-automatically and is provided for informational purposes only. While we strive for accuracy, this analysis may contain errors, omissions, or misinterpretations of the original research. DNA Genics disclaims all liability for any inaccuracies, errors, or consequences arising from the use of this information. Users should independently verify all information and consult original research publications before making any decisions based on this content. This analysis is not intended as a substitute for professional scientific review or medical advice.