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Research Publication

Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia

Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjögren KG et al.

26062507 PubMed ID
66 Authors
06/11/2015 Published
208 Samples
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Chapter I

Publication Details

Comprehensive information about this research publication

Authors

AM
Allentoft ME
SM
Sikora M
SK
Sjögren KG
RS
Rasmussen S
RM
Rasmussen M
SJ
Stenderup J
DP
Damgaard PB
SH
Schroeder H
AT
Ahlström T
VL
Vinner L
MA
Malaspinas AS
MA
Margaryan A
HT
Higham T
CD
Chivall D
LN
Lynnerup N
HL
Harvig L
BJ
Baron J
DC
Della Casa P
DP
Dąbrowski P
DP
Duffy PR
EA
Ebel AV
EA
Epimakhov A
FK
Frei K
FM
Furmanek M
GT
Gralak T
GA
Gromov A
GS
Gronkiewicz S
GG
Grupe G
HT
Hajdu T
JR
Jarysz R
KV
Khartanovich V
KA
Khokhlov A
KV
Kiss V
KJ
Kolář J
KA
Kriiska A
LI
Lasak I
LC
Longhi C
MG
McGlynn G
MA
Merkevicius A
MI
Merkyte I
MM
Metspalu M
MR
Mkrtchyan R
MV
Moiseyev V
PL
Paja L
PG
Pálfi G
PD
Pokutta D
Pospieszny Ł
PT
Price TD
SL
Saag L
SM
Sablin M
SN
Shishlina N
SV
Smrčka V
SV
Soenov VI
SV
Szeverényi V
TG
Tóth G
TS
Trifanova SV
VL
Varul L
VM
Vicze M
YL
Yepiskoposyan L
ZV
Zhitenev V
OL
Orlando L
ST
Sicheritz-Pontén T
BS
Brunak S
NR
Nielsen R
KK
Kristiansen K
WE
Willerslev E
Chapter II

Abstract

Summary of the research findings

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Chapter III

Ancient DNA Samples

208 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication

208 Samples
Sample ID Date/Era Country Locality Sex mtDNA Y-DNA
RISE396 1196 BCE Armenia Kapan F H6b
RISE397 1049 BCE Armenia Kapan M T1a2e R-BY3296
RISE407 1118 BCE Armenia Norabak F H8a1
RISE408 1212 BCE Armenia Norabak M I5c J-L283
RISE412 1201 BCE Armenia Noratus F U4c1
RISE413 1919 BCE Armenia Nerquin Getashen M T2c1f R-P297
RISE416 1616 BCE Armenia Nerquin Getashen M K1a17 E-L795
RISE423 1407 BCE Armenia Nerquin Getashen M T2a3 E-S11956
RISE397 1049 BCE Armenia Kapan M T1a2e R-BY3296
RISE396 1196 BCE Armenia Kapan F H6b
RISE407 1118 BCE Armenia Norabak F H8a1
RISE408 1212 BCE Armenia Norabak M I5c J-L283
RISE412 1201 BCE Armenia Noratus F U4c1
RISE423 1407 BCE Armenia Nerquin Getashen M T2a3 E-S11956
RISE416 1616 BCE Armenia Nerquin Getashen M K1a17 E-L795
RISE413 1919 BCE Armenia Nerquin Getashen M T2c1f R-P297
I4145 2282 BCE Czech Republic Knezeves M H3 R-L151
I4136 2800 BCE Czech Republic Knezeves F U5b2c
I5026 600 CE Czech Republic Brandysek F H44a
I4137 660 CE Czech Republic Brandysek F H1af
I4139 2500 BCE Czech Republic Velké Přílepy F T2b
I4130 2800 BCE Czech Republic Moravská Nová Ves F K1b1a
I4145 2282 BCE Czech Republic Knezeves M H3 R-L151
I4136 2800 BCE Czech Republic Knezeves F U5b2c
I4130 2800 BCE Czech Republic Moravská Nová Ves F K1b1a
I4139 2500 BCE Czech Republic Velké Přílepy F T2b
I4137 660 CE Czech Republic Brandysek F H1af
I5026 600 CE Czech Republic Brandysek F H44a
RISE566 2282 BCE Czechia Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ) M H R-L52
RISE567 2800 BCE Czechia Kněževes (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ) F U5b2c
RISE577 2500 BCE Czechia Velké-Přílepy (Středočeský kraj, okres Praha-západ) F T2b
RISE568 600 CE Czechia Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District) F H44a
RISE569 660 CE Czechia Brandýsek (Central Bohemian Region, Kladno District) F H1af
RISE586 2800 BCE Czechia Moravská-Nová-Ves (South Moravian Region, Břeclav District) F K1b1a
RISE21 1426 BCE Denmark Karlstrup M N1a1a1a2
RISE42 2193 BCE Denmark Marbjerg M H3v-a R-M198
RISE47 1499 BCE Denmark Sebber skole M I R-M269
RISE61 2848 BCE Denmark Kyndelöse M J1c4 R-PF6162
RISE71 2197 BCE Denmark Falshöj F H3b
RISE276 789 BCE Denmark Trundholm II M T2b R-P310
RISE21 1426 BCE Denmark Karlstrup M N1a1a1a2
RISE47 1499 BCE Denmark Sebber skole M I R-M269
RISE276 789 BCE Denmark Trundholm II M T2b R-P310
RISE71 2197 BCE Denmark Falshöj F H3b
RISE42 2193 BCE Denmark Marbjerg M H3v-a R-M198
RISE61 2848 BCE Denmark Kyndelöse M J1c4 R-PF6162
I4124 2459 BCE Germany Augsburg F H46
I4132 2500 BCE Germany Augsburg M U5a1a1 R-ZZ11
I4143 2456 BCE Germany Landau an der Isar F H2a1e
I4144 2573 BCE Germany Osterhofen-Altenmarkt M K1c1 R-U152
I4134 2500 BCE Germany Osterhofen-Altenmarkt M HV-b R-L51
RISE434 2880 BCE Germany Tiefbrunn M U4 R-M417
RISE435 2865 BCE Germany Tiefbrunn F J1b1a1
RISE436 2869 BCE Germany Tiefbrunn M U5b1c2 R-M417
RISE446 2662 BCE Germany Bergrheinfeld M U5b1c2 R-M417
RISE471 1687 BCE Germany Untermeitingen M J1c1b R-P310
RISE562 2456 BCE Germany Dingolfing-Landau (Bavaria, Landau an der Isar) F H2a1e
I4144 2573 BCE Germany Osterhofen-Altenmarkt M K1c1 R-U152
RISE563 2573 BCE Germany Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen) M K1c1 R-U152
RISE564 2500 BCE Germany Osterhofen-Altenmarkt (Lower Bavaria, Deggendorf, Osterhofen) M H-T16311C R-Z704
RISE559 2459 BCE Germany Augsburg (Bavaria) F H46
RISE471 1687 BCE Germany Untermeitingen M J1c1b R-P310
RISE446 2662 BCE Germany Bergrheinfeld M U5b1c2 R-M417
RISE434 2880 BCE Germany Tiefbrunn M U4 R-M417
RISE436 2869 BCE Germany Tiefbrunn M U5b1c2 R-M417
RISE435 2865 BCE Germany Tiefbrunn F J1b1a1
I4134 2500 BCE Germany Osterhofen-Altenmarkt M HV-b R-L51
I4143 2456 BCE Germany Landau an der Isar F H2a1e
I4124 2459 BCE Germany Augsburg F H46
I4132 2500 BCE Germany Augsburg M U5a1a1 R-ZZ11
RISE479 2000 BCE Hungary Erd 4 M T2b I-S17707
RISE480 1700 BCE Hungary Erd 4 F U5a2a
RISE483 2000 BCE Hungary Erd 4 F H2a1
RISE484 2000 BCE Hungary Erd 4 F T1a1
RISE349 2034 BCE Hungary Battonya Vörös Oktober F T2b3
RISE371 2137 BCE Hungary Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca) F U5a2b
RISE373 1887 BCE Hungary Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca) F K1a2a
RISE374 1872 BCE Hungary Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca) M T2b G-FT203426
RISE247 1743 BCE Hungary Százhalombatta-Földvár M H11a I-L1229
RISE254 2130 BCE Hungary Százhalombatta-Földvár M J1c9 I-L1286
RISE349 2034 BCE Hungary Battonya Vörös Oktober F T2b3
RISE371 2137 BCE Hungary Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca) F U5a2b
RISE374 1872 BCE Hungary Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca) M T2b G-FT203426
RISE373 1887 BCE Hungary Szöreg-C (Sziv Utca) F K1a2a
RISE484 2000 BCE Hungary Erd 4 F T1a1
RISE480 1700 BCE Hungary Erd 4 F U5a2a
RISE483 2000 BCE Hungary Erd 4 F H2a1
RISE479 2000 BCE Hungary Erd 4 M T2b I-S17707
RISE254 2130 BCE Hungary Százhalombatta-Földvár M J1c9 I-L1286
RISE247 1743 BCE Hungary Százhalombatta-Földvár M H11a I-L1229
RISE486 2136 BCE Italy Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto M J1c1b I-PF6947
RISE487 3485 BCE Italy Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto M H2a I-PF3981
RISE489 2909 BCE Italy Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto M X2c1 I-PF6947
RISE489 2909 BCE Italy Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto M X2c1 I-PF6947
RISE487 3485 BCE Italy Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto M H2a I-PF3981
RISE486 2136 BCE Italy Lombardy. Remedello di Sotto M J1c1b I-PF6947
RISE391 2126 BCE Kazakhstan Tanabergen II F N1a1a1a1
RISE391 2126 BCE Kazakhstan Tanabergen II F N1a1a1a1
RISE598 906 BCE Lithuania Turlojiske M H2a2 P-P226
RISE598 906 BCE Lithuania Turlojiske M H2a2 P-P226
I13170 800 BCE Montenegro Velika Gruda F X1'2'3
RISE595 1200 BCE Montenegro Velika Gruda F U5a2
RISE595 1200 BCE Montenegro Velika Gruda F U5a2
I13170 800 BCE Montenegro Velika Gruda F X1'2'3
RISE596 800 BCE Montenegro Velika Gruda F X1'2'3
RISE109 1959 BCE Poland Wojkowice F U4
RISE139 2137 BCE Poland Chociwel M U2e1f1
RISE145 2191 BCE Poland Polwica F H6a1b R-M417
RISE150 1886 BCE Poland Przeclawice F U5a1b1
RISE154 1930 BCE Poland Szczepankowice F K1a4a1
RISE1 2866 BCE Poland Oblaczkowo M K1b1a1 R-L754
RISE431 2286 BCE Poland Leki Male M T2e R-M417
RISE1 2866 BCE Poland Oblaczkowo M K1b1a1 R-L754
RISE431 2286 BCE Poland Leki Male M T2e R-M417
RISE139 2137 BCE Poland Chociwel M U2e1f1
RISE145 2191 BCE Poland Polwica F H6a1b
RISE150 1886 BCE Poland Przeclawice F U5a1b1
RISE154 1930 BCE Poland Szczepankowice F K1a4a1
RISE109 1959 BCE Poland Wojkowice F U4
RISE507.508.merge 3323 BCE Russia River Kuyum F U5a1a1
I3423 393 BCE Russia Sabinka 2 M D4b1a2a2 R-Y46
I3425 1417 BCE Russia Sabinka 2 M I4a1 R-PF6162
I10565 2889 BCE Russia Bateni F T2c1a2
RISE386 2335 BCE Russia Bulanovo M J1c1b1a R-Z2124
RISE240 2879 BCE Russia Sukhaya Termista I F U5a1d1
RISE600 1000 BCE Russia Verh-Uimon M K2a5 Q-YP844
RISE601 1000 BCE Russia Verh-Uimon M M8a1* Q-YP844
RISE602 1000 BCE Russia Sary-Bel M C4-a2* J-BY114993
RISE392 2131 BCE Russia Stepnoe VII Cemetery M J2b1a2a R-Z2124
RISE394 1953 BCE Russia Bulanovo F U2e1e
RISE395 2008 BCE Russia Bol'shekaraganskii F U2e1h1a7
RISE493 1518 BCE Russia Sabinka 2 M C4a1c Q-FT414149
RISE495 1400 BCE Russia Arban 1 M D4j1 R-Y73758
RISE496 1416 BCE Russia Arban 1 F U5a1a2a
RISE497 1400 BCE Russia Arban 1 F A-a1
RISE499 1400 BCE Russia Bystrovka F H5a1
RISE500 1700 BCE Russia Kytmanovo F U4d1
RISE502 1497 BCE Russia Bystrovka F U5a1d
RISE503 1731 BCE Russia Kytmanovo F U2e2
RISE504 709 CE Russia Kytmanovo M C4a1d J-PH358
RISE505 1862 BCE Russia Kytmanovo F U4a1b
RISE510 2848 BCE Russia Bateni F J2a2a
RISE511 2909 BCE Russia Bateni F J2a2a
RISE512 1488 BCE Russia Kytmanovo M U2e1 R-Z2124
RISE523 1531 BCE Russia Kapova cave F M12'G
RISE524 1300 BCE Russia Kapova cave M J2b1a R-M269
RISE525 1300 BCE Russia Kapova cave M I5c R-PF6162
RISE546 3300 BCE Russia Temrta IV M U5a1d2b R-M269
RISE547 2886 BCE Russia Temrta IV M T2a1a R-Z2106
RISE548 3300 BCE Russia Temrta IV M U4 R-M12149
RISE550 3335 BCE Russia Peshany V M U5a1i R-M269
RISE552 2846 BCE Russia Ulan V M T2a1a16 I-S21579
RISE553 927 BCE Russia Afontova Gora M F1b R-M198
RISE554 1009 BCE Russia Afontova Gora M F1b1b N-MF52704
RISE555 2853 BCE Russia Stalingrad Quarry M N1a1a-a R-Z2106
RISE510 2848 BCE Russia Bateni F J2a2a
RISE511 2909 BCE Russia Bateni F J2a2a
RISE507.508.merge 3323 BCE Russia River Kuyum F U5a1a1
RISE512 1488 BCE Russia Kytmanovo M U2e1 R-Z2124
RISE500 1700 BCE Russia Kytmanovo F U4d1
RISE503 1731 BCE Russia Kytmanovo F U2e2
RISE505 1862 BCE Russia Kytmanovo F U4a1b
RISE555 2853 BCE Russia Stalingrad Quarry M N1a1a-a R-Z2106
RISE550 3335 BCE Russia Peshany V M U5a1i R-M269
RISE240 2879 BCE Russia Sukhaya Termista I F U5a1d1
RISE546 3300 BCE Russia Temrta IV M U5a1d2b R-M269
RISE547 2886 BCE Russia Temrta IV M T2a1a R-Z2106
RISE548 3300 BCE Russia Temrta IV M U4 R-M12149
RISE552 2846 BCE Russia Ulan V M T2a1a16 I-S21579
RISE504 709 CE Russia Kytmanovo M C4a1d J-PH358
RISE602 1000 BCE Russia Sary-Bel M C4-a2* J-BY114993
RISE601 1000 BCE Russia Verh-Uimon M M8a1* Q-YP844
RISE600 1000 BCE Russia Verh-Uimon M K2a5 Q-YP844
RISE496 1416 BCE Russia Arban 1 F U5a1a2a
RISE497 1400 BCE Russia Arban 1 F A-a1
RISE495 1400 BCE Russia Arban 1 M D4j1 R-Y73758
RISE499 1400 BCE Russia Bystrovka F H5a1
RISE502 1497 BCE Russia Bystrovka F U5a1d
RISE493 1518 BCE Russia Sabinka 2 M C4a1c Q-FT414149
I3423 393 BCE Russia Sabinka 2 M D4b1a2a2 R-Y46
I3425 1417 BCE Russia Sabinka 2 M I4a1 R-PF6162
RISE492 393 BCE Russia Sabinka-2 (Republic of Khakassia, Beysky District) M D4b1a2a2 R-M417
RISE553 927 BCE Russia Afontova Gora M F1b R-M198
RISE554 1009 BCE Russia Afontova Gora M F1b1b N-MF52704
RISE525 1300 BCE Russia Kapova cave M I5c R-PF6162
RISE524 1300 BCE Russia Kapova cave M J2b1a R-M269
RISE523 1531 BCE Russia Kapova cave F M12'G
RISE395 2008 BCE Russia Bol'shekaraganskii F U2e1h1a7
RISE394 1953 BCE Russia Bulanovo F U2e1e
RISE386 2335 BCE Russia Bulanovo M J1c1b1a R-Z2124
RISE392 2131 BCE Russia Stepnoe VII Cemetery M J2b1a2a R-Z2124
I10565 2889 BCE Russia Bateni F T2c1a2
RISE174 433 CE Sweden Oxie 7 M W1 R-BY29826
RISE175 1396 BCE Sweden Abekås I M T1a1 I-Y18697
RISE179 2015 BCE Sweden Abekås I M K1a3 I-M253
RISE207 1495 BCE Sweden Ängamöllan M J1c8a1 I-M253
RISE210 1436 BCE Sweden Ängamöllan F T2a1a I-M253
RISE94 2623 BCE Sweden Viby M K1a2a R-PF6162
RISE97 2030 BCE Sweden Fredriksberg F K2a5
RISE98 2278 BCE Sweden L Beddinge 56 M K1b1a1* R-Z2265
RISE94 2623 BCE Sweden Viby M K1a2a R-PF6162
RISE175 1396 BCE Sweden Abekås I M T1a1 I-Y18697
RISE210 1436 BCE Sweden Ängamöllan F T2a1a
RISE207 1495 BCE Sweden Ängamöllan M J1c8a1 I-M253
RISE174 433 CE Sweden Oxie 7 M W1 R-BY29826
RISE179 2015 BCE Sweden Abekås I M K1a3 I-M253
RISE97 2030 BCE Sweden Fredriksberg F K2a5
RISE98 2278 BCE Sweden L Beddinge 56 M K1b1a1* R-Z2265
Chapter IV

Analysis

Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings

Important Disclaimer: This review has been performed semi-automatically and is provided for informational purposes only. While we strive for accuracy, this analysis may contain errors, omissions, or misinterpretations of the original research. DNA Genics disclaims all liability for any inaccuracies, errors, or consequences arising from the use of this information. Users should independently verify all information and consult original research publications before making any decisions based on this content. This analysis is not intended as a substitute for professional scientific review or medical advice.

Summary

Key Findings

Ancestry Insights

Traits Analysis

Historical Context

Scientific Assessment