Research Publication
A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations
Olalde I, Carrión P, Mikić I et al.
38065079
PubMed ID
73
Authors
12/07/2023
Published
138
Samples
Scroll to explore
Chapter I
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Chapter II
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
The rise and fall of the Roman Empire was a socio-political process with enormous ramifications for human history. The Middle Danube was a crucial frontier and a crossroads for population and cultural movement. Here, we present genome-wide data from 136 Balkan individuals dated to the 1st millennium CE. Despite extensive militarization and cultural influence, we find little ancestry contribution from peoples of Italic descent. However, we trace a large-scale influx of people of Anatolian ancestry during the Imperial period. Between ∼250 and 550 CE, we detect migrants with ancestry from Central/Northern Europe and the Steppe, confirming that "barbarian" migrations were propelled by ethnically diverse confederations. Following the end of Roman control, we detect the large-scale arrival of individuals who were genetically similar to modern Eastern European Slavic-speaking populations, who contributed 30%-60% of the ancestry of Balkan people, representing one of the largest permanent demographic changes anywhere in Europe during the Migration Period.
Chapter III
Ancient DNA Samples
138 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
138 Samples
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I15232 | 773 CE | Austria | Pottenbrunn (Lower Austria, St. Polten) | M | U4d2 |
R-YP870 |
| I34800 | 700 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia County, Općina Nuštar, Dvorac) | M | H16 |
J-Z1043 |
| I28390 | 771 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia County, Općina Nuštar, Dvorac) | F | H16 |
|
| I28392 | 700 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia County, Općina Nuštar, Dvorac) | F | H7a1a |
|
| I28393 | 700 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia County, Općina Nuštar, Dvorac) | F | J1c2 |
|
| I28397 | 700 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia County, Općina Nuštar, Dvorac) | M | J1c1b1a |
J-FGC62445 |
| I28398 | 700 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia County, Općina Nuštar, Dvorac) | F | K1a4j |
|
| I28400 | 700 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia County, Općina Nuštar, Dvorac) | M | H14b2 |
Q-YP789 |
| I28394 | 600 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia, Općina Nuštar, Vinkovci) | F | H5 |
|
| I28388 | 600 CE | Croatia | Nuštar (Vukovar-Syrmia, Općina Nuštar, Vinkovci) | M | U8b1a1 |
E-FGC11457 |
| I35081 | 650 CE | Croatia | Cepinski-Martinci (Osijek-Baranja County, Općina Čepin) | F | U4a3a |
|
| I26748 | 773 CE | Croatia | Glina (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Glina) | M | I4a1 |
R-YP1337 |
| I26749 | 774 CE | Croatia | Glina (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Glina) | M | W3b |
J-Y4349 |
| I35095 | 1000 CE | Croatia | Gornji-Kosinj-Sveta-Ana (Lika-Senj County, Općina Perušić) | F | U3a1 |
|
| I34980 | 1053 CE | Croatia | Gornji-Kosinj-Sveta-Ana (Lika-Senj County, Općina Perušić) | F | U5b2a1a1 |
|
| I35008 | 1000 CE | Croatia | Gornji-Kosinj-Sveta-Ana (Lika-Senj County, Općina Perušić) | M | T1a1l |
R-YP613 |
| I35010 | 1000 CE | Croatia | Gornji-Kosinj-Sveta-Ana (Lika-Senj County, Općina Perušić) | F | U5b1f |
|
| I35012 | 1000 CE | Croatia | Gornji-Kosinj-Sveta-Ana (Lika-Senj County, Općina Perušić) | M | U5b2a1a1 |
R-YP971 |
| I35014 | 1000 CE | Croatia | Gornji-Kosinj-Sveta-Ana (Lika-Senj County, Općina Perušić) | M | T2h2 |
R-Y14300 |
| I26745 | 670 CE | Croatia | Jagodnjak-Krčevine (Osijek-Baranja County, Općina Jagodnjak) | F | J1c2 |
|
| I26746 | 652 CE | Croatia | Jagodnjak-Krčevine (Osijek-Baranja County, Općina Jagodnjak) | M | H9a |
G-Z6494 |
| I26747 | 671 CE | Croatia | Jagodnjak-Krčevine (Osijek-Baranja County, Općina Jagodnjak) | F | H1+16189 |
|
| I26894 | 360 CE | Croatia | Gardun (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trilj) | F | H60a |
|
| I26895 | 360 CE | Croatia | Gardun (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trilj) | F | T2g1a |
|
| I26897 | 597 CE | Croatia | Gardun (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trilj) | M | H1e |
R-L202 |
| I26765 | 600 CE | Croatia | Sipar (Istria County, Grad Umag) | M | U8b1b1 |
G-BY27899 |
| I26766 | 600 CE | Croatia | Sipar (Istria County, Grad Umag) | M | HV1a'b'c |
R-YP4966 |
| I26767 | 601 CE | Croatia | Sipar (Istria County, Grad Umag) | M | K1a19 |
G-Z6494 |
| I28446 | 300 CE | Croatia | Sisak-Pogorelec (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Sisak) | F | H+16311 |
|
| I28447 | 300 CE | Croatia | Sisak-Pogorelec (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Sisak) | F | T2c1d1 |
|
| I28448 | 300 CE | Croatia | Sisak-Pogorelec (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Sisak) | F | H13b1b |
|
| I26750 | 200 CE | Croatia | Osijek (Osijek-Baranja County, Grad Osijek, Trg B. Josipa Jelačića) | F | H5d |
|
| I26751 | 200 CE | Croatia | Osijek (Osijek-Baranja County, Grad Osijek, Trg B. Josipa Jelačića) | F | H79 |
|
| I26752 | 200 CE | Croatia | Osijek (Osijek-Baranja County, Grad Osijek, Trg B. Josipa Jelačića) | M | K1b1a1a |
J-Y23094 |
| I26753 | 200 CE | Croatia | Osijek (Osijek-Baranja County, Grad Osijek, Trg B. Josipa Jelačića) | M | H |
G-L13 |
| I26754 | 200 CE | Croatia | Osijek (Osijek-Baranja County, Grad Osijek, Trg B. Josipa Jelačića) | F | H41 |
|
| I26761 | 300 CE | Croatia | Sisak-Pogorelec (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Sisak) | F | T2b34 |
|
| I26762 | 300 CE | Croatia | Sisak-Pogorelec (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Sisak) | F | N1a2 |
|
| I26763 | 300 CE | Croatia | Sisak-Pogorelec (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Sisak) | M | H1e6 |
R-L617 |
| I26709 | 300 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dobrić (Split-Dalmatia County, Općina Marina) | F | H15a1 |
|
| I26718 | 100 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dobrić (Split-Dalmatia County, Općina Marina) | M | V16 |
R-BY250 |
| I26719 | 100 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dobrić (Split-Dalmatia County, Općina Marina) | F | H27a |
|
| I26714 | 300 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dobrić (Split-Dalmatia County, Općina Marina) | F | K1a+195 |
|
| I26702 | 1 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dragulin (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trogir) | M | H+152 |
E-Y16729 |
| I26703 | 1 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dragulin (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trogir) | F | T1a5a |
|
| I26704 | 1 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dragulin (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trogir) | F | T2b |
|
| I26705 | 1 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dragulin (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trogir) | F | C1 |
|
| I26707 | 1 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dragulin (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trogir) | F | H |
|
| I26708 | 1 CE | Croatia | Trogir-Dragulin (Split-Dalmatia County, Grad Trogir) | F | H+152 |
|
| I26775 | 100 CE | Croatia | Zadar-Polačišća (Zadar County, Grad Zadar, Ulica Polačišća) | M | H14a |
J-Y13128 |
| I26776 | 200 CE | Croatia | Zadar-Poliklinika (Zadar County, Grad Zadar) | M | H105 |
R-S5488 |
| I26764 | 300 CE | Croatia | Sisak-Pogorelec (Sisak-Moslavina County, Grad Sisak) | F | U1a1a |
|
| I15538 | 892 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Kuline (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H1e1a6 |
R-DF99 |
| I15537 | 800 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Kuline (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H13a2a |
E-Y3762 |
| I15540 | 775 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Kuline (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | F | J1b1a1 |
|
| I15541 | 800 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Kuline (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | K1a4 |
I-Y3120 |
| I15542 | 897 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Kuline (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H9a |
I-Y3120 |
| I15543 | 800 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Kuline (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H1f+16093 |
J-Y7010 |
| I15549 | 259 CE | Serbia | Medijana (Nišava District, Niš Municipality, Medijana) | M | H5b |
I-Y3148 |
| I15550 | 350 CE | Serbia | Medijana (Nišava District, Niš Municipality, Medijana) | M | H41a |
G-P287 |
| I27295 | 400 CE | Serbia | Jakovo-Kormadin (Belgrade, Surčin Municipality, Jakovo) | F | V7 |
|
| I27296 | 435 CE | Serbia | Jakovo-Kormadin (Belgrade, Surčin Municipality, Jakovo) | M | H28 |
R-Z2124 |
| I27297 | 426 CE | Serbia | Jakovo-Kormadin (Belgrade, Surčin Municipality, Jakovo) | M | H5d |
E-PH1173 |
| I27298 | 400 CE | Serbia | Jakovo-Kormadin (Belgrade, Surčin Municipality, Jakovo) | F | T1a1 |
|
| I5404 | 1432 CE | Serbia | Lepenski-Vir (Bor District, Majdanpek Municipality, Boljetin) | M | U5b1b |
J-M205 |
| I1116 | 775 CE | Serbia | Gomolava (Srem District, Sremska Mitrovica Municipality, Hrtkovci) | M | T2+16189 |
I-FT42350 |
| I32300 | 1100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rudine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | K1c1 |
|
| I32301 | 1100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rudine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | U4a2b |
|
| I32297 | 1100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Svetinja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | N1a1a1a1a |
|
| I32299 | 1100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Svetinja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | T1a1 |
I-Y12341 |
| I15551 | 242 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | T1a |
R-M269 |
| I15552 | 380 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H1c |
R-CTS1450 |
| I15553 | 350 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | T2b25 |
E-CTS1273 |
| I15554 | 410 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H |
E-BY3880 |
| I15555 | 410 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | X2i+@225 |
G-FGC12126 |
| I15556 | 380 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H10d |
I-Y3259 |
| I15544 | 261 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | HV9 |
E-Y3762 |
| I15545 | 417 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H1 |
I-S2169 |
| I15546 | 380 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | L2a1+143+16189 (16192) |
J-Z1043 |
| I15547 | 380 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | H+152 |
J-L283 |
| I15548 | 380 CE | Serbia | Timacum-Minus-Slog (Zaječar District, Knjaževac Municipality, Ravna) | M | W+194 |
J-Z1043 |
| I15527 | 70 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H30b1 |
R-U106 |
| I15528 | 80 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | T1a1n |
|
| I15529 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H11a2 |
J-BY94 |
| I15530 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | K1a2a |
|
| I15531 | 258 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H10a1 |
I1 |
| I15532 | 300 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | J2b1c |
T-L131 |
| I15533 | 246 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | V1a1 |
R-Z2122 |
| I15534 | 237 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | H5 |
|
| I15535 | 255 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | H1b |
|
| I15536 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pécine (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | U5a1j |
G-L497 |
| I15486 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | T2 |
|
| I15490 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H6b |
E-CTS1273 |
| I15491 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H7 |
E-P177 |
| I15492 | 241 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H7 |
R-L20 |
| I15493 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H8c |
|
| I15494 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | H5a2 |
|
| I15495 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H49 |
E-CTS9320 |
| I15498 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H36 |
R1a |
| I15499 | 80 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | L2a1j |
E-V32 |
| I15501 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | U | J1c1 |
|
| I15502 | 215 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | U3a2a1 |
E-Y125311 |
| I15509 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | I4b |
|
| I15510 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H26a1 |
G-PF3148 |
| I15511 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H |
CT |
| I15512 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | X2+225 |
|
| I15514 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | U4a2a |
|
| I15515 | 1 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | K1a3a |
R-M269 |
| I15516 | 127 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H13a1a1 |
G-L30 |
| I15517 | 124 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Pirivoj (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | HV |
J-L70 |
| I15500 | 129 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | R0a1a |
|
| I15504 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H47a |
E-FGC33614 |
| I15505 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | J1d1a1 |
|
| I15507 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | K1c2 |
E-A2192 |
| I15508 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | W6 |
|
| I15496 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | T2b+16362 |
|
| I15497 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | J1c |
|
| I15487 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | T1a |
|
| I15488 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | H41a |
|
| I15489 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H |
G-Y140827 |
| I15519 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | R0a2d |
|
| I15485 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Rit (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | U | H |
|
| I32304 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Stari-Kostolac (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | V+@72 |
T-L208 |
| I32305 | 25 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Stari-Kostolac (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | T1a1b1 |
|
| I15520 | 207 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | U5b2b |
R-Z645 |
| I15521 | 130 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H |
G-CTS342 |
| I15522 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | H |
|
| I15523 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H+152 |
CT |
| I15524 | 200 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | HV9+152 |
I-Y16419 |
| I15525 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H13a1a1 |
E-CTS1273 |
| I15526 | 215 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H13a2b2 |
E-PH3893 |
| I15503 | 100 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | F | U5a2c |
|
| I15518 | 211 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | U2e1a1 |
E-FGC33614 |
| I15513 | 150 CE | Serbia | Viminacium-Vise-Grobalja (Braničevo District, Požarevac Municipality, Kostolac) | M | H8c |
E-CTS9320 |
| I4664 | 130 CE | Serbia | Lepenski-Vir (Bor District, Majdanpek Municipality, Boljetin) | M | X2 |
E-M35 |
| I12991 | 709 CE | Slovakia | Blatné (Bratislava Region, Senec District) | F | H4a1a1a |
|
| I13458 | 772 CE | Slovakia | Vȳčapy-Opatovce (Nitra Region, Nitra District, Výčapy-Opatovce) | F | H1h1 |
|
| I4803 | 708 CE | Slovakia | Bratislava-Mlynská-dolina (Bratislava Region, Bratislava IV District) | M | H3 |
R-S6285 |
Chapter IV
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
Important Disclaimer: This review has been performed semi-automatically and is provided for informational purposes only. While we strive for accuracy, this analysis may contain errors, omissions, or misinterpretations of the original research. DNA Genics disclaims all liability for any inaccuracies, errors, or consequences arising from the use of this information. Users should independently verify all information and consult original research publications before making any decisions based on this content. This analysis is not intended as a substitute for professional scientific review or medical advice.