The genetic history of Scandinavia from the Roman Iron Age to the present
Rodríguez-Varela R, Moore KHS, Ebenesersdóttir SS et al.
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.
Ancient DNA Samples
48 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hvr009 | 60 CE | Norway | Nordland, Alstahaug | F | H3b_G16129A |
|
| als007 | 950 CE | Sweden | Alsike (Uppsala län, Knivsta) | M | J1b1a1b |
I-Z2336 |
| als010 | 950 CE | Sweden | Alsike (Uppsala län, Knivsta) | F | H1s |
|
| als015 | 800 CE | Sweden | Alsike (Uppsala län, Knivsta) | M | J1c5a |
I-DF29 |
| enb508 | 950 CE | Sweden | Enbacken (Örebro län, Örebro) | F | T2b24a |
|
| gam872 | 950 CE | Sweden | Gammelbyn Börstil (Uppsala län, Östhammar) | M | H1a |
R-BY19581 |
| gor164 | 1000 CE | Sweden | Gorla (Stockholms län, Norrtälje) | M | U4a2b |
I-CTS7362 |
| gor358 | 750 CE | Sweden | Gorla (Stockholms län, Norrtälje) | F | H3b7 |
|
| vls696 | 996 CE | Sweden | Norrsunda (Stockholms län, Sigtuna) | F | J1c1b1a |
|
| sal002 | 950 CE | Sweden | Sala (Västmanlands län, Sala) | F | J1c3b |
|
| bro100 | 750 CE | Sweden | Sasta (Stockholms län, Täby) | M | J1c4 |
N-L550 |
| stg018 | 892 CE | Sweden | Sigtuna (Stockholms län, Upplands-Bro) | F | H1_T152C:H1_T16189C:H1cf |
|
| hav001 | 1000 CE | Sweden | Hablingbo Havor (Gotlands län, Gotland) | F | H1b1_T16362C:H1b1a |
|
| wes001 | 1016 CE | Sweden | Vasterhus (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | F | U5a1 |
|
| wes003 | 1016 CE | Sweden | Vasterhus (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | F | U4a3a |
|
| wes004 | 1016 CE | Sweden | Vasterhus (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | M | I2 |
R-FGC5549 |
| wes005 | 1016 CE | Sweden | Vasterhus (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | M | V |
I-L813 |
| wes007 | 1163 CE | Sweden | Vasterhus (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | M | H1b1 |
R-YP405 |
| wes008 | 1016 CE | Sweden | Vasterhus (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | M | H1as1a |
R-S5668 |
| rtp001 | 450 CE | Sweden | Romback (Västernorrlands län, Ånge) | M | H1b1b |
I-L813 |
| rtp003 | 450 CE | Sweden | Romback (Västernorrlands län, Ånge) | F | H1e1a |
|
| frc007 | 950 CE | Sweden | Frösön (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | F | H6a1b |
|
| wes056 | 1016 CE | Sweden | Vasterhus (Jämtlands län, Östersund) | F | V |
|
| lau001 | 600 CE | Sweden | Gannor (Gotlands län, Gotland) | F | U5a1b1h |
|
| kro014 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H1_T16311C |
N-VL29 |
| kro015 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | J1c8a1a |
I |
| kro010 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H11a4:H11a |
R-YP1708 |
| kro011 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | U1a1a2 |
I-Y3657 |
| kro004 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | K2a3 |
I-Z73 |
| kro006 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | U5a2a1e |
N |
| kro001 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | U5a1a1 |
R-CTS5533 |
| kro002 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H1a2 |
R-CTS11962 |
| kro012 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H2a2a1b |
R-BY30937 |
| kro013 | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H5a1 |
I-Y7654 |
| kro008_viking | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H6c |
I-DF29 |
| kro009_viking | 1676 CE | Sweden | Kronan (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H5u1 |
R-FGC45993 |
| snb010 | 450 CE | Sweden | Sandby Borg (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | K2a |
I-Y4766 |
| snb012 | 450 CE | Sweden | Sandby Borg (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H2a1 |
I-Y3549 |
| snb019 | 450 CE | Sweden | Sandby Borg (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H7b2 |
N-L550 |
| snb017 | 450 CE | Sweden | Sandby Borg (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | H6a1a10 |
N-CTS10760 |
| snb018 | 450 CE | Sweden | Sandby Borg (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | F | J1c7a |
|
| snb013 | 450 CE | Sweden | Sandby Borg (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | I1a1a |
I-Z2336 |
| snb014 | 450 CE | Sweden | Sandby Borg (Kalmar län, Mörbylånga) | M | R1b |
N-Y4706 |
| als001 | 575 CE | Sweden | Alsike (Uppsala län, Knivsta) | M | H6a1a |
R-YP1370 |
| ful001 | 242 CE | Sweden | Fullero (Uppsala län, Uppsala) | M | U4c1 |
N |
| lov001 | 475 CE | Sweden | Lovö (Stockholms län, Ekerö) | F | I1a1 |
|
| ven001_viking | 560 CE | Sweden | Vendel (Uppsala) | M | |
R-BY18087 |
| kvi001 | 800 CE | Sweden | Eksta Kvie (Gotlands län, Gotland) | F | U4a1a1:U4a1 |
|
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
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