Reconstructing the Deep Population History of Central and South America
Posth C, Nakatsuka N, Lazaridis I et al.
Publication Details
Comprehensive information about this research publication
Abstract
Summary of the research findings
We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 49 individuals forming four parallel time transects in Belize, Brazil, the Central Andes, and the Southern Cone, each dating to at least ∼9,000 years ago. The common ancestral population radiated rapidly from just one of the two early branches that contributed to Native Americans today. We document two previously unappreciated streams of gene flow between North and South America. One affected the Central Andes by ∼4,200 years ago, while the other explains an affinity between the oldest North American genome associated with the Clovis culture and the oldest Central and South Americans from Chile, Brazil, and Belize. However, this was not the primary source for later South Americans, as the other ancient individuals derive from lineages without specific affinity to the Clovis-associated genome, suggesting a population replacement that began at least 9,000 years ago and was followed by substantial population continuity in multiple regions.
Ancient DNA Samples
64 ancient DNA samples referenced in this publication
| Sample ID | Date/Era | Country | Locality | Sex | mtDNA | Y-DNA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I8350 | 7000 BCE | Argentina | Pampas. Laguna Chica | M | A2 |
Q-M3 |
| I1748 | 5460 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | M | C1c |
P-M45 |
| I7090 | 5462 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | M | C1c |
Q-M902 |
| I7088 | 5620 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | F | A2 |
|
| I7086 | 5975 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | F | D1g |
|
| I0309 | 5850 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | M | D1 |
Q-M902 |
| I0308 | 5620 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | M | A2 |
Q-M3 |
| I2230 | 7010 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | M | C1b |
Q-Z781 |
| I2232 | 6570 BCE | Argentina | Arroyo Seco II | M | C1b |
Q-L54 |
| I8348 | 5010 BCE | Argentina | Pampas. Laguna Chica | F | B2b |
|
| I8349 | 4830 BCE | Argentina | Pampas. Laguna Chica | F | C1b |
|
| I8350 | 7000 BCE | Argentina | Pampas. Laguna Chica | M | A2 |
Q-M3 |
| I3443 | 7472 BCE | Belize | Mayahak Cab Pek | F | D4h3a |
|
| I3443 | 7472 BCE | Belize | Mayahak Cab Pek | F | D4h3a |
|
| I5456 | 5490 BCE | Belize | Saki Tzul | M | D1 |
Q-M3 |
| I5457 | 5513 BCE | Belize | Saki Tzul | M | D1 |
Q-M3 |
| I9058 | 410 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | C1c |
|
| I9056 | 670 CE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | B2 |
|
| I9057 | 390 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | M | C1c |
Q-M3 |
| I9054 | 90 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | C1c |
|
| I9055 | 40 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | C1c |
|
| Lapa24 | 7460 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | M | B2 |
Q-Z780 |
| Lapa25 | 7720 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | F | B2 |
|
| I9058 | 410 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | C1c |
|
| I9054 | 90 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | C1c |
|
| I9056 | 670 CE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | B2 |
|
| I9055 | 40 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | F | C1c |
|
| I9057 | 390 BCE | Brazil | Jabuticabeira Shell Midden II | M | C1c |
Q-M3 |
| Lapa24 | 7460 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | M | B2 |
Q-Z780 |
| Lapa25 | 7720 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | F | B2 |
|
| Lapa14 | 7600 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | M | A2 |
Q-M3 |
| Lapa01 | 8210 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | M | C1d1 |
C-F1906 |
| Lapa22 | 8250 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | F | D4h3a |
|
| Lapa15 | 7730 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | M | A2 |
Q-M902 |
| Lapa05 | 8250 BCE | Brazil | Lapa do Santo | F | A2 |
|
| LAR001 | 4710 BCE | Brazil | Laranjal | F | A2 |
|
| LAR002 | 4950 BCE | Brazil | Laranjal | M | A2 |
Q-M3 |
| MOS001 | 3960 BCE | Brazil | Moraes | F | D4h3a |
|
| I11974 | 10420 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b45 |
Q-M902 |
| I11974 | 10420 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b45 |
Q-M902 |
| I11974 | 10420 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b45 |
Q-M902 |
| I11974 | 10420 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b45 |
Q-M902 |
| I11974 | 10420 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b45 |
Q-M902 |
| I11974 | 10420 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b45 |
Q-M902 |
| I1752 | 1300 CE | Chile | Conchalí. Santiago. RM | M | B2i2b |
Q-FT276830 |
| I1754 | 1040 CE | Chile | Conchalí. Santiago. RM | M | D4h3a1a2 |
Q-Z781 |
| I11974 | 10420 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b45 |
Q-M902 |
| I1753 | 3360 BCE | Chile | Coquimbo. Los Vilos. Los Rieles | M | C1b |
Q-M3 |
| I2537 | 1230 CE | Chile | Pica Ocho. Coast | M | A2 |
Q-B48 |
| Cuncaicha15-04 | 1431 BCE | Peru | Cuncaicha. Highlands | M | A2h |
Q-B48 |
| Cuncaicha15-03 | 2300 BCE | Peru | Cuncaicha. Highlands | M | A2a3 |
Q-M902 |
| Cuncaicha15-07 | 7290 BCE | Peru | Cuncaicha. Highlands | F | A2ao |
|
| I2261 | 2280 BCE | Peru | La Galgada. Highlands | M | C1c |
Q-M902 |
| I0237 | 1030 CE | Peru | Botigiriayocc. Laramate. Highlands | M | B2 |
Q-M3 |
| I1357 | 900 CE | Peru | Botigiriayocc. Laramate. Highlands | M | B2l |
Q-M3 |
| I1484 | 1050 CE | Peru | Botigiriayocc. Laramate. Highlands | M | B2 |
Q-M902 |
| I1485 | 790 CE | Peru | Cueva Yacotogia. Laramate. Highlands | M | B2 |
Q-B48 |
| I2551 | 1040 CE | Peru | Huayuncalla. Laramate. Highlands | F | C1b |
|
| I1742 | 750 CE | Peru | Tranca. Laramate. Highlands | F | D1 |
|
| I0039 | 1660 BCE | Peru | Lauricocha. Highlands | M | A2-a* |
Q-Z780 |
| I0040 | 3990 BCE | Peru | Lauricocha. Highlands | M | A2-a* |
Q-M902 |
| I0238 | 7000 BCE | Peru | Lauricocha. Highlands | M | A2-a* |
Q-L53 |
| I0038 | 6780 BCE | Peru | Lauricocha. Highlands | M | A2-a18a |
Q-Z781 |
| I0041 | 6640 BCE | Peru | Lauricocha. Highlands | F | B2as* |
|
Analysis
Comprehensive review of ancestry and genetic findings
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